中華民國內政部建築研究所中華民國內政部建築研究所

一、研究緣起：
各國政府皆為減緩全球暖化現象而全力發展新興能源(例如：氫能、風能、太陽能和地熱能等)，其中作為能源儲存用途的鋰離子電池發展日趨成熟，於21世紀初正式成為重點戰略性新興產業【1】。鋰離子電池相較於傳統電池，具有體積小、電容量高、輸出電壓高、充放電時間短、循環壽命長、成本低等優點，大量運用於輕巧、方便攜帶的電子產品(例如：手機、筆記型電腦及數位相機等)或需高容量的電動汽機車、工業、航海等產業【2】【3】。
臺灣地狹人稠，為增加國人居住或可利用空間，建築物型態逐漸往高樓層及地下層發展。106年行政院宣佈三階段電動車發展目標(2030年全面使用電動公車與公務車、2035年禁售汽油機車、2040年禁售汽油汽車)。內政部營建署於2019年修正「建築技術規則建築設計施工編第62條」，條文新增第4款，規定新建物停車空間構造應預留電動車的充電設備與設置空間；舊有建築物若要設置充電樁，則需經過管委會、區分所有權人會議同意方可設置。
美國亞特蘭大市政府則通過新法案要求新興建的住宅房屋和公共停車設施，需具備一定比例之電動車適用設施；歐盟要求2019年起，會員國所有新屋或翻修房屋均須安裝電動車充電裝置，包括所有商用或大型住宅區，至少需20%的車位為電動車使用，顯而易見電動車產業推動及發展勢必為未來重要的施政目標，此時開放建築物室內空間停放電動車或設置其充電系統所衍伸的居家安全性問題與電池類本身火災應變策略，應謹慎探討並提前部署。
隨電動車市佔率逐漸上升，我國若要推動電動車普及化勢必要在室內外停車空間設置大量電動車充電設備，但地下建築空間其空間特性較為封閉且動線複雜，若不幸發生電池類火災，產生的大量濃煙將使受困人員迷航且受制於半封閉空間特性，火場能見度極差、通訊不良、氧氣補給困難等危害，將徒增救援行為的難度與危險性【4】。此外基於電池類火災不易撲滅的特性，若要在地下停車空間提供救災過程所需的環境安全條件，是否應調整或加強原有建築物設置的通風換氣設備，考量火災煙流流向與補風換氣量等參數，控制高溫煙毒流向與濃度不致於對救災或受困人員造成生命威脅為現階段電動車普及化過程中的重要安全課題。
鋰離子電池雖為國人生活便利帶來躍進，但潛在安全問題亦成為鋰離子電池的應用瓶頸，此類火災與一般火災在滅火性質上有極大的不同，若救援人員在未知條件與環境下，採用一般火災的滅火處置方式搶救，將會使救援人員身處險境之中，謹慎應對電池類火災將是現今迫切需探討與解決的重要課題。
由110年07月06日某國外廠牌電動車失控衝撞民宅起火一案發現，電池類火災從冒出陣陣濃煙到火勢猛烈的反應時間非常短暫，該例共計費時1小時且動用20噸的水量才得以撲滅火勢。顯見電池類火災不易撲滅的特性且地下停車空間近似半封閉空間的特性，若發生電池類火災將加大其危害風險與救援難度，此時不斷產生的高溫煙毒可能從通道快速擴散至垂直區劃，對地上層人員造成安全威脅，若為深開挖的地下停車空間更可能對建築結構造成嚴重損傷。
從救災角度切入討論，撲滅電池類火災需要大量的水源進行有效降溫，因此水源供應及水線是否充足為電池類火災抑制的關鍵，就目前地下停車空間所設置的撒水設備對於電池類火災的抑制效果及撲滅當量的電池類火災所需火源量亦為重要研究方向。
二、研究方法與過程：
2021年德國一處地下停車場發生電動車起火事故，僅僅一輛舊款Volkswagen Golf電動車起火燃燒即難以撲滅。可想而知在地下停車空間若持續燃燒將引發更嚴重的危害，此件案例也暴露電動車停放於地下停車空間具有安全上的隱憂。
本研究團隊係針對未來推廣電動車普及化而廣設充電站或將電動車停放於地下停車空間時的火災風險評估與該類空間設置充電站的火災風險因子進行文獻蒐集，例如：燃油車與電動車之車位過於靠近；充電車位不集中，易造成管線錯綜複雜、轉折過度、舊用電設施變動，容易增加結構風險；舊公寓大廈停車位不易調整，難以更新並裝設充電樁，同時涉及用途變更與使用執照…等問題，以及針對撒水設備是否有助於抑制電池類火災規劃一系列的實測實驗，透過實驗結果確認地下停車空間現行的消防設備設置要求，是否有需因應電池類火災的特殊性而進行局部調整或加強。
基於電池類火災與傳統火災危害與特性的不同，以及電池類火災發生於地下停車空間的潛在風險，本研究團隊將蒐集地下停車空間等地下層場所，若發生火災與地上層建築的危害風險差異，並針對地下停車空間火災案例與電動車輛火災案例進行分析與檢討，同時瞭解現行地下停車空間的消防設備設置與國內外對於電動車輛停放與充電設備設置之相關規定。本研究將利用雲林科技大學防火工程中心的實驗室規劃實測實驗，確認泡沫及撒水設備對於電池類火災的抑制效果，作為後續電動車及其充電設備普及化時之安全基礎及滅火設備設置參考。
對於地下空間而言，若無法補入足夠的空氣來稀釋空間煙流濃度則容易造成人員傷亡，因此如何調整地下停車空間的通風換氣設備使其於發生火災時，降低毒性氣體產生或控制毒性氣體濃度於人員可接受的安全值內，將是本研究另一個重點研究方向。本研究團隊將實地現勘我國某一設置充電樁的公共場所，瞭解設置現況與分析電動車輛及其充電設備設置於停車空間的火災風險因子，同時利用電腦模擬軟體(Pyrosim)模擬該類場所若遭遇電池類火災時，應如何控制通風換氣設備使高溫煙流流向，不致於對救災或人員避難造成威脅，以及地下停車空間後續增設電動車停車位及其充電設備時，應如何調整通風換氣設備以提升空間安全。
三、重要發現：
(一)本研究經大量蒐集整理相關文獻與法規資料，目前國際上(包含日本、美國、中國等)尚未有針對建築物地下停車空間停放電動車輛相關規定。由蒐集電動車火災案例可知，電動車火災事故的情況大多為1、行駛中自燃；2、静置停放自燃；3、充電過程自燃；4、事故碰撞自燃，顯見電池由外力或內部發生熱失控為成災主因。
(二)各家車廠的緊急救援手冊均建議使用大量的水(2600加侖以上，約等於10公噸的水量)進行滅火。為了降低電動車起火導致的火災風險，以及可以方便取用大量的水進行電動車火災的救援行動，故本研究建議現階段電動車充電樁設置以在地面層為主，或地下層靠近車道出入口並在室內外消防栓救援範圍內為限之區域。
(三)依據本研究針對地下停車空間電動車輛及充電系統火災煙毒特性相關文獻可知，傳統汽/柴油車與電動車之火災燃燒產物截然不同，汽/柴油車燃燒時會產生完全燃燒產物(例如：二氧化碳(CO2)與水(H2O)及其它不完全燃燒產物(例如：一氧化碳(CO)與氮氧化物(NOx)等其他有毒氣體)。但電動車起火燃燒不僅會產生上述燃燒產物，還會產生劇毒氣體(例如：HF、HCl、HBr、HCN、SO2)產生，其中電動車起火會產生比燃油車起火更多的氟化氫(HF)。氟化氫(HF)是一種有毒、具腐蝕性、重量輕的氣體，可以滲透某些類型的安全防護裝備，因此鋰離子電池火災之毒性氣體稀釋為救援過程的重點所在。
(四)本研究團隊於雲林科技大學防火中心實驗場的實驗空間，規劃『撒火設備』與『泡沫設備』應用於鋰離子電池滅火實測實驗，本研究案將以鋰鐵電池(LFP)作為實測實驗的燃燒對象。由實驗結果可知，當LFP電池外殼溫度達100～150℃左右時，電池即有發生爆炸燃燒的可能，不過無論是撒水或是撒泡沫，均可降低電池表面溫度，並達到滅火效果。但在周圍環境溫度或電池溫度沒有降低的情況下，有高機率會發生復燃。故由實驗結果得知，若要撲滅鋰離子電池火災，必須持續撒水(或泡沫)或泡水降溫，以防止復燃。由實驗結果得知，在電池類發生火災時，除持續撒水(或泡沫)或泡水降溫以防止復燃外，同時也可減少或降低電池內部因高溫分解而產生的有害氣體。
(五)本研究以電腦模擬進行地下停車空間通風換氣設備對電動車輛及充電系統火災效應影響評估。由電腦模擬結果可知，在火災初期(15分鐘內)地下停車空間若有開啟通風換氣設備，火場環境無論在溫度、煙層高度、能見度或有害氣體濃度方面，均較未開啟通風換氣設備有利於人員進行避難。 
四、主要建議事項：
建議一
立即可行之建議：規劃進行電動車停車空間及充電專用區域之主被動防護對策研究
主辦機關：內政部建築研究所
協辦機關：內政部消防署、內政部營建署
有鑑於我國停車空間規劃大都設置於地下樓層，對於該空間之電動車及充電樁災害緊急應變及救災相對較戶外或地面層複雜。地下停車空間特性較為封閉，屬於無開口樓層，若不幸發生電動車火災，將產生高溫與大量濃煙(含劇毒氣體)；其車輛火災溫度可高達800～1000℃甚至更高，可能危及建築結構，倘動線複雜的話，而其產生的濃煙可能造成人員避難與消防救災的困難度與危險性。
現階段地下停車空間依法無須設置排煙設備，但考慮到電動車充電時發生火災的風險較高，因此建議若電動車充電區域設置在地下層者，則需規劃電動車充電專用區域並設置專用排煙設備。且排煙設備對外口應設置有毒成份過濾網，防止有毒氣體逕自排放而造成地上層環境汙染。
建議二
中長期建議：研擬電動車充電專用區域撒水設備。
主辦機關：內政部建築研究所
協辦機關：內政部消防署
由於電動車鋰離子電池模組放置於車輛底部，燃燒時撒水系統或泡沫系統於上方放射無法射至火點，應考慮調整原有地下停車空間所設置的泡沫及其他撒水滅火設備之設置方式，以達針對電動車電池模組持續撒水滅火降溫之功效，並應設置有效排水之裝置。

1.Origin of research：
Governments of all countries are making every effort to develop new energy sources (such as hydrogen energy, wind energy, solar energy and geothermal energy, etc.) in order to slow down global warming. Among them, the development of lithium-ion batteries for energy storage is becoming more and more mature, and it officially became the focus in the early 21st century. Strategic Emerging Industries。Compared with traditional batteries, lithium-ion batteries have the advantages of small size, high capacity, high output voltage, short charge and discharge time, long cycle life, and low cost. They are widely used in light and portable electronic products (such as mobile phones, Notebook computers and digital cameras, etc.) or high-capacity electric vehicles, industry, navigation and other industries.
Taiwan is narrow and densely populated. In order to increase the living space or usable space for Chinese people, the building types are gradually developing towards high floors and basements. In 2016, the Executive Yuan announced a three-stage electric vehicle development goal (full use of electric buses and official vehicles in 2030, a ban on the sale of gasoline locomotives in 2035, and a ban on the sale of gasoline cars in 2040). In 2019, the Construction Administration of the Ministry of the Interior revised Article 62 of the "Architectural Technical Regulations on Building Design and Construction", adding a new paragraph 4, which stipulates that the parking space structure of new buildings should reserve charging equipment and installation space for electric vehicles; old buildings If you want to set up charging piles, you need to get the approval of the management committee and the divisional owner meeting.
The Atlanta city government of the United States passed a new bill requiring newly built residential houses and public parking facilities to have a certain proportion of electric vehicle-compatible facilities; the European Union requires that all new or renovated houses in member states must be equipped with electric vehicle charging devices from 2019. Including all commercial or large residential areas, at least 20% of the parking spaces must be used by electric vehicles. It is obvious that the promotion and development of the electric vehicle industry is bound to be an important policy goal in the future. At this time, open the indoor space of the building to park electric vehicles or set up its charging system. Derived home safety issues and battery fire response strategies should be carefully discussed and deployed in advance.
With the gradual increase in the market share of electric vehicles, if my country wants to promote the popularization of electric vehicles, it is necessary to install a large number of electric vehicle charging equipment in indoor and outdoor parking spaces. , the large amount of smoke generated will make the trapped people lose their way and be subject to the characteristics of semi-enclosed space, the fire site has extremely poor visibility, poor communication, difficulty in oxygen supply and other hazards, which will only increase the difficulty and danger of rescue operations。In addition, based on the fact that battery fires are not easy to extinguish, if the underground parking space is to provide the environmental safety conditions required for the disaster relief process, should the ventilation equipment installed in the original building be adjusted or strengthened? Air exchange rate and other parameters, controlling the flow direction and concentration of high-temperature smoke and poison so as not to cause life-threatening to disaster relief or trapped personnel is an important safety issue in the process of popularization of electric vehicles at this stage。
Although lithium-ion batteries have brought a leap forward in the convenience of Chinese people's lives, potential safety issues have also become a bottleneck in the application of lithium-ion batteries. This type of fire is very different from general fires in terms of fire fighting properties. If rescuers are under unknown conditions and environments, Rescue using general fire extinguishing and disposal methods will put rescuers in danger. Dealing with battery fires carefully will be an important issue that urgently needs to be discussed and resolved。
On July 06, 2010, it was found that an electric vehicle of a foreign brand ran out of control and crashed into a residential house and caught fire. tons of water to extinguish the fire. It is obvious that battery fires are not easy to extinguish and the underground parking space is similar to a semi-enclosed space. If a battery fire occurs, the hazard risk and rescue difficulty will be increased. At this time, the continuously generated high-temperature smoke may quickly spread from the passage to the vertical division , poses a safety threat to the personnel on the ground floor, and if the underground parking space is excavated deeply, it is more likely to cause serious damage to the building structure。
From the perspective of disaster relief, a large amount of water is needed to effectively cool down the battery fire. Therefore, whether the water supply and water line are sufficient is the key to the suppression of battery fires. The sprinkler equipment installed in the underground parking space is currently used for the suppression of battery fires. The effect and the amount of fire source required to extinguish the equivalent battery fire are also important research directions。
2.Research Methods and Process：
In 2021, an electric vehicle fire accident occurred in an underground parking lot in Germany. Only an old Volkswagen Golf electric vehicle caught fire and was difficult to extinguish. It is conceivable that if the underground parking space continues to burn, it will cause more serious hazards. This case also exposes the safety concerns of electric vehicles parked in the underground parking space。
This research team is aiming at the popularization of electric vehicles in the future and the fire risk assessment when charging stations are widely installed or when electric vehicles are parked in underground parking spaces, and the fire risk factors of charging stations in such spaces are collected. For example: fuel vehicles and The parking spaces for electric vehicles are too close together; the charging parking spaces are not concentrated, which can easily lead to intricate pipelines, excessive turning, and changes in old power facilities, which are likely to increase structural risks; parking spaces in old apartment buildings are difficult to adjust, difficult to renew and install charging piles, and involve usage at the same time Issues such as changes and use licenses, etc., as well as planning a series of experiments on whether sprinkler equipment can help suppress battery fires, through the experimental results to confirm the current fire protection equipment installation requirements in underground parking spaces, and whether there are special requirements for battery fires local adjustment or enhancement.
Based on the differences in hazards and characteristics between battery fires and traditional fires, as well as the potential risk of battery fires occurring in underground parking spaces, this research team will collect underground parking spaces and other underground places. , and analyzed and reviewed the fire cases of underground parking spaces and electric vehicle fires, and at the same time understood the current fire-fighting equipment settings in underground parking spaces and the relevant regulations on electric vehicle parking and charging equipment settings at home and abroad。This study will use the laboratory planning and actual measurement experiments of the Fire Protection Engineering Center of Yunlin University of Science and Technology to confirm the suppression effect of foam and water sprinkler equipment on battery fires, which will serve as a safety basis for the subsequent popularization of electric vehicles and their charging equipment and a reference for setting up fire extinguishing equipment。
For the underground space, if it is not possible to add enough air to dilute the smoke concentration in the space, it will easily cause casualties. Therefore, how to adjust the ventilation equipment in the underground parking space to reduce the generation of toxic gases or control the toxicity in the event of a fire The gas concentration is within the acceptable safety value for personnel, which will be another key research direction of this study. The research team will conduct an on-the-spot survey of a public place in my country where charging piles are installed, understand the current situation of the installation and analyze the fire risk factors of electric vehicles and their charging equipment installed in the parking space, and use computer simulation software (Pyrosim) to simulate how such places When encountering a battery fire, how to control the ventilation and ventilation equipment so that the high-temperature smoke flow will not pose a threat to disaster relief or personnel evacuation, and how to adjust the ventilation and ventilation equipment when adding electric vehicle parking spaces and charging equipment in the underground parking space Gas equipment to improve space safety。
3.Important Founds：
(1)This research has collected and sorted out a large amount of relevant literature and legal information. At present, there are no relevant regulations on parking electric vehicles in the underground parking spaces of buildings in the world (including Japan, the United States, China, etc.). From the collection of electric vehicle fire cases, it can be seen that most of the electric vehicle fire accidents are 1. Spontaneous combustion while driving; 2. Spontaneous combustion when parked; 3. Spontaneous combustion during charging; 4. Spontaneous combustion due to accidental collision. the main cause of the disaster
(2)The emergency rescue manuals of each car factory recommend using a large amount of water (above 2600 gallons, equivalent to about 10 metric tons of water) to extinguish the fire. In order to reduce the fire risk caused by electric vehicle fires and facilitate the use of a large amount of water for rescue operations in electric vehicle fires, this study suggests that electric vehicle charging piles should be mainly located on the ground floor at this stage, or on the underground floor near the entrance and exit of the driveway and the area is limited within the rescue range of indoor and outdoor fire hydrants
(3)According to the relevant literature on fire and smoke characteristics of electric vehicles and charging systems in underground parking spaces in this study, it can be seen that the combustion products of traditional gasoline/diesel vehicles and electric vehicles are completely different. Gas/diesel vehicles will produce complete combustion products (such as : carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) and other incomplete combustion products (such as: carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) and other toxic gases). However, the combustion of electric vehicles will not only produce the above combustion products, but also Produce highly toxic gases (for example: HF, HCl, HBr, HCN, SO2), among which electric vehicle fires will produce more hydrogen fluoride (HF) than fuel vehicle fires. Hydrogen fluoride (HF) is a toxic, corrosive, light-weight The gas can permeate some types of safety protective equipment, so the dilution of toxic gases from lithium-ion battery fires is the focus of the rescue process.
(4)In the experimental space of the Fire Prevention Center of Yunlin University of Science and Technology, the research team plans to apply the "fire sprinkler equipment" and "foam equipment" to the actual fire extinguishing experiment of lithium-ion batteries. This research project will use lithium-iron batteries (LFP) as The combustion object of the actual measurement experiment。It can be seen from the experimental results that when the temperature of the LFP battery casing reaches about 100-150°C, the battery may explode and burn. However, whether it is sprayed with water or foam, the surface temperature of the battery can be reduced and the fire extinguishing effect can be achieved. However, if the ambient temperature or battery temperature does not drop, there is a high probability that re-ignition will occur. Therefore, it is known from the experimental results that if the lithium-ion battery fire is to be extinguished, it is necessary to continuously sprinkle water (or foam) or soak in water to cool down, so as to prevent re-ignition. According to the experimental results, in the event of a battery fire, in addition to continuously spraying water (or foam) or soaking in water to cool down to prevent re-ignition, it can also reduce or reduce the harmful gas produced by pyrolysis inside the battery.
(5)This study uses computer simulation to evaluate the impact of underground parking space ventilation equipment on the fire effect of electric vehicles and charging systems. From the computer simulation results, it can be seen that if the underground parking space has ventilation equipment in the early stage of the fire (within 15 minutes), the fire scene environment will be better than that without ventilation in terms of temperature, smoke layer height, visibility or harmful gas concentration. The equipment is beneficial for people to take refuge.
4.main recommendations：
Suggest 1
Immediately feasible suggestions: planning a dedicated area for electric vehicle charging and setting up special smoke exhaust equipment.。Organizers: Institute of Architecture, Ministry of the Interior
Co-organizer: Fire Department of the Ministry of the Interior, Construction Administration of the Ministry of the Interior
At present, the underground parking space does not need to be equipped with smoke exhaust equipment according to law, but considering the high risk of fire when electric vehicles are charged, it is recommended that if the electric vehicle charging area is set in the basement, it is necessary to plan a special area for electric vehicle charging and set up a dedicated area. Smoke extraction equipment. And the smoke exhaust equipment should be equipped with a toxic component filter to prevent the toxic gas from being discharged directly and causing environmental pollution on the ground layer.
Suggest 2
Mid-to-long-term suggestion : research and develop the water sprinkling equipment at the bottom of the special area for electric vehicle charging.
Organizers: Institute of Architecture, Ministry of the Interior
Co-organizer: Fire Department of the Ministry of the Interior
Since the lithium-ion battery module of the electric vehicle is placed at the bottom of the vehicle, the water sprinkler system or the foam system radiates from the top and cannot reach the fire point during combustion. Consider adjusting the installation method of the foam and other sprinkler fire extinguishing equipment installed in the original underground parking space. In order to achieve the effect of continuously spraying water to extinguish the fire and cool down the electric vehicle battery module, an effective drainage device should be installed。