中華民國內政部建築研究所中華民國內政部建築研究所

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幼兒園有關幼兒使用設施設備尺寸之研究

計畫主持人	王順治
協同主持人	蘇瑛敏
執行單位
執行行程	101 年 02 月至 101 年 12 月
GPN
ISBN
MOIS
組別	綜合規劃組
執行方式	協同研究案
關鍵詞	幼兒園、設施尺寸、設備尺寸
參考文獻

中文摘要：一、研究緣起
「幼兒教育及照顧法」已於100年6月27日發布，本法令自101年1月1日開始施行後，幼稚園及托兒所將整合為「幼兒園」由教育部主管。根據教育部統計處資料顯示，截至101年9月20日，公私立幼稚園共計有6,037所幼稚園已完成改制為幼兒園，尚有180所幼稚園未改制(教育部統計處)。幼兒園以二足歲至學齡前幼兒為對象，因此，幼兒園有關幼兒使用設施設備尺寸，關係著幼兒安全性、舒適性及通用性，故內政部建築研究所規劃此研究計劃，做為全人關懷生活環境科技計劃之一部。
二、研究方法及過程
本計畫主要探討「幼兒園」空間內幼兒使用之設施設備尺寸，故針對走廊、樓梯、欄杆、扶手、門窗防護、廁所、洗手台、桌椅家具等設施設備進行研究。研究方法如下：
(一) 文獻回顧：蒐集國內外幼兒園有關設施、設備等通用尺寸與相關法令、規範、研究文獻等資料本研究文獻係從Google Scholar學術搜尋、Wanfang萬方數據資源系統、CNKI中國知識資源總庫、CEPS 中文電子期刊服務、airiti library華藝線上圖書館、NTLTD台灣碩博士論文加值系統等，以關鍵詞：幼兒園、幼稚園、保育所、托兒所、幼兒安全、幼兒家具、幼兒保護、Day Care Center、Child Care、Kindergarten、Child Safety、Fall Prevent、Child Furniture等進行蒐集。法令、規範則從全國法規資料庫、International Building Code, IBC(國際建築規範)、Connecticut Building Code等相關資料進行檢索，取得相關法令文獻。
(二) 資料與計算方法：彙整文獻有關人體計測尺度數據及相關設施設備換算方法，列表比對，依2至6歲幼兒人體計測數據分別代入換算，取得換算值後，依安全性或通用性分別研提適合之建議值。
(三) 專家訪談：就「建築物無障礙設施設計規範」參考附錄中，有關「基本尺寸」與「其他設施」設計參考資料，所缺之嬰幼兒相關設施項目內容：邀請無障礙設計、人因工程、室內設計、建築設計等相關領域專家，進行專家訪談，經由專家意見建構知識基礎並探討訂定尺寸之可行性。
(四) 焦點團體：邀集幼兒教育、兒童安全、人因工程、室內設計、建築設計及無障礙設計等跨領域專家學者，進行焦點團體座談，共同探究幼兒生活空間之建築設計、空間設施設備常用尺寸，檢視是否滿足幼兒生活空間基本要求與追求環境品質之參考。
研究流程：
1. 蒐集相關文獻及法令、規範；
2. 彙整文獻資料、分析計算方法、擬定研究課題；
3. 研擬專家訪談題綱；
4. 進行專家訪談；
5. 統整專家意見、資料分析；
6. 進行設施設備尺寸換算，並提出各年齡層換算值；
7. 撰寫期中報告；
8. 進行期中審查、回應期中審查意見；
9. 研擬焦點團體座談題綱；
10. 進行焦點團體座談；
11. 整合專家訪談及焦點團體意見；
12. 建立幼兒園空間設施設備常用尺寸建議值；
13. 撰寫期末報告；
14. 進行期末審查、回應期末審查意見；
15. 撰寫結案報告。
三、重要發現
(一) 目前國內建築相關法令，涉及「兒童」與「幼兒」空間之用語詞彙，尚待整合釐清，適用對象與範圍。
(二) 國內外有關設施設備尺度，多未針對單一項目進行數據規範，僅作原則性文字敘述，原因或係幼兒成長尺寸變化性差異大，以單一數據規範，將無法適用所有幼兒之發展狀況。
(三) 設施設備中有關樓梯、扶手、欄杆，應考慮係動態使用行為，若以人體靜態計測常模做為尺寸換算依據，似未能符合動態活動事實，未來應先完成幼兒人體動態計測常模，再進行相關尺度研究後訂定。
(四) 設施設備尺寸建議，雖可提供設計參考基準，但不宜以「固定尺寸」之要求，忽略其他安全性上可能存在問題，例如:窗台高度會因座椅所形成的「無形階梯」，而造成實際之防護尺度不足。
(五) 從通用率與適用性考量，2至6歲幼兒設施設備尺寸，建議逕分為二歲及四歲幼兒兩組尺寸即可，因過於細分，易使得建築師、室內設計師及相關設施設備業者混淆，且實務上難以執行(成本考慮、執行困難度)。
(六) 國內目前尚未建立身心障礙、行動不便幼兒之人體尺寸數據調查資料庫，且幼兒在發展尚未成熟階段，許多設施設備使用須仰賴成人協助，故不宜以成人或健康幼兒人體數據庫，直接訂定身心障礙幼兒使用設施設備尺寸建議值，以避免造成錯誤的建議。
(七) 從幼兒使用實際面考量，洗手台深度應以水龍頭深度為準，並以二歲及四歲幼兒之「手臂長」加「二分之一手長」減「二分之一胸厚」第百分之5為基準。
(八) 從安全性觀點考量，窗台附近可能會有墊高物形成「無形階梯」，提供幼兒攀爬，故門窗防護除就窗台高度進行限制外，應同時取二歲幼兒「胸厚」第百分之5(最小值)，減左右各一公分為基準，裝設門窗開啟控制器，以防止幼兒穿越。
(九) 從逃生避難觀點考量，樓梯寬度檢討不應僅以幼兒人體計測尺寸做為建議值，應以一位老師能帶兩位幼兒逃生之寬度尺寸訂定基準，以防範避難發生時互相推擠。而樓梯級高則應考慮適合成人老師及幼兒的共同使用，太低容易造成老師跌倒，太高則造成幼兒上下行走之困難
(十) 從使用舒適性及安全性考量，扶手高度尺寸應以「手肘彎曲30度高度平均」較能符合實際情況。
(十一) 從安全性及使用性考量，扶手直徑太大或太小容易造成幼兒抓握不易，故扶手直徑建議應在3公分。
(十二) 從經濟性與實務性考量，如就各年齡坐式高度尺寸差異，開發不同高度之坐式馬桶，產品生產不符經濟效益。建議可區分為二歲及四歲兩組不同尺寸產品即可，於安裝施作過程中，可另適當的增減安裝高度，即可滿足適合不同幼兒使用。

四、主要建議事項
建議一
立即可行建議：整合有關機關與研究單位之研究結果，經協調後彙整發布統一參考尺寸建議，提供設計者、施工者參考數據。
主辦機關：內政部
協辦機關：教育部
協辦團體：建築師公會、室內設計裝修同業公會
將幼兒園有關幼兒使用設施設備尺寸之研究結果，參酌其他機關有關設施設備尺寸研究，經分析彙整後，協調整合相關尺寸，共同發布設施設備尺寸參考數據，以提供設計者及施工者作為參考數值。
建議二
立即可行建議：進行幼兒園設計規範研究
主辦機關：內政部
協辦機關：教育部
協辦團體：建築師公會，大專院校相關科系
有關幼兒人體計測數據資料庫建置目前已稱完備，對幼兒園有關幼兒使用設施設備尺寸亦已提出基本建議數值，為提升幼兒生活空間理想環境品質，應可就幼兒園建築及室內設計規範，進行內容探討與研訂。
建議三
中長期性建議：建置2至6歲幼兒人體動態計測尺寸數據庫。
主辦機關：內政部、衛生署
協辦機關：教育部
幼兒許多設施設備使用係動態行為，不宜採用靜態人體尺寸作相關尺度建議，因此，建議進行2至6歲幼兒人體動態計測尺寸之調查研究。
建議四
中長期性建議：建置2至6歲身心障礙及行動不便幼兒人體尺寸數據庫。
主辦機關：內政部、衛生署
協辦機關：教育部
為建構幼兒無障礙設施設備相關尺寸，應先進行2至6歲身心障礙及行動不便幼兒人體尺寸及特殊需要之調查研究，做為研究身心障礙幼兒之設施設備尺寸依據。
英文摘要：一、 Research Origin:
The Early Childhood Education and Care Act was released on 27 June 2011 and implemented on 1 January 2012. Since then, kindergartens and childcare centers have been merged into “nursery schools”, supervised by the Ministry of Education. According to the Department of Statistics of the Ministry of Education, as of 20 September 2012, a total of 6,037 public and private kindergartens have been restructured as nursery schools with 180 remaining kindergartens that have yet to undergo such reformation (Department of Statistics, Ministry of Education). Nursery schools are designed for children aged two years to preschoolers. Therefore, the size of facilities and equipment used in nursery schools affect the safety, comfort, and universality of children. For this reason, the Architecture and Building Research Institute of the Ministry of the Interior proposed this research plan to serve as a part of the Holistic Care Living Environment Science and Technology Program.
二、 Research Method and Process
This project mainly explores the size of facilities and equipment used by children in nursery schools by studying the corridors, stairs, railings, handrails, door and window protection, bathrooms, sink, and desks and chairs.
The research method is as follows:
(一) Literature Review: The general size of facilities and equipment in nursery schools in Taiwan as well as related laws and regulations and literature were collected using Google Scholar, Wanfang Data, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chinese Electronic Periodical Services (CEPS), Airiti Library, and National Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations in Taiwan (NDLTD) with keywords such as nursery school, kindergarten, daycare center, childcare center, child safety, children furniture, child protection, child care, and fall prevent. Related literature on laws and regulations were retrieved from the Laws and Regulations Database of the Republic of China, International Building Code (IBC), and Connecticut Building Code.
(二) Data and Calculation Method: Literature on anthropometric statistics and conversion method of facilities and equipment were compiled and tabulated for comparison. The anthropometric statistics of children aged between 2 to 6 were substituted into the equation. After the equivalent values are obtained, suitable proposed values were developed according to safety or generality.
(三) Expert Interview: There is　lack of information regarding facilities used by infants and children in reference data related to “basic size” and design of “other facilities” from the appendix “Buildings Design Regulations of Barrier-Free Facilities ”. Experts in barrier-free designs, ergonomics, interior design, and architectural design were invited for interviews. A knowledge base was then built using the opinions of experts to investigate the feasibility of setting sizes.
(四) Focus Group: Experts and scholars in early childhood education, child safety, ergonomics, interior design, architectural design, and barrier-free design were invited for focus group discussions to investigate and observe whether the architectural design and common size for facilities and equipment in the living space of children fit the basic requirements and meet environmental quality standards.
Research Process:
1. Collect related literature and laws and regulations;
2. Compile literature, analyze calculation methods, and formulate research topics;
3. Develop expert interview questions;
4. Conduct expert interviews;
5. Integrate expert opinions and data analysis;
6. Carry out facilities and equipment size conversion and propose the equivalent value for each age group;
7. Write mid-term reports;
8. Give mid-term examinations and respond to mid-term examination comments;
9. Develop focus group discussion questions;
10. Hold focus group discussions;
11. Combine opinions from expert interviews and focus group discussions;
12. Establish a proposed value for the common size for facilities and equipment used in nursery schools;
13. Write end-of-term reports;
14. Give end-of-term examinations and respond to end-of-term examination comments;
15. Write final reports.
三、 Important Findings
(一) Words and terms on “children” and “child” in laws and regulations related to architecture in Taiwan have currently yet to be clarified.
(二) Most studies regarding the criterion of facilities and equipment have not conducted data normalization on single items, but rather only focused on principled literary description. This may be due to the large difference in the variability of children’s growth. Therefore, using single-data normalization is not applicable for the growth conditions of all children.
(三) The dynamic behavior of users should be considered in terms of stairs, handrails, and railings of facilities and equipment. Using the static anthropometry norm as the basis for converting size does not meet the facts of dynamic activities. Therefore, it is suggested that in future studies a static anthropometry norm should be completed before formulating related research on the criterion.
(四) Although suggestions on the size of facilities and equipment can serve as a reference for designs, requirements of “fixed size” should not be the only factor considered and other potential problems that may exist regarding safety should not be ignored. For example, the height of the windowsill may cause danger for children due to the “invisible ladder” formed by the chair.
(五) In terms of the generality and applicability, the facility and equipment size for children aged 2 to 6 is suggested to be divided into two sets: one for 2-year olds and one for 4-year olds. Confusion may be caused among architectures, interior designers, and related manufacturers if sizes are divided into too many groups. It is also difficult in practice and not very cost-effective.
(六) A survey database of data on the body size of children with physical and mental disabilities and those who have difficulty moving has not yet been established in Taiwan. In addition, children who are still developing and not yet fully mature need the help of adults when using many facilities and equipment. Therefore, to avoid incorrect suggestions, using a human body database for adults or healthy children is inapplicable for directly formulating a proposed value for the facility and equipment size of children with physical and mental disabilities
(七) In terms of the use of children, the depth of sinks should be designed based on the depth of the tap as well as the 5th percentile of “length of arm” + “1/2 of length of hand” – “1/2 of the chest depth”.
(八) As for safety, “invisible ladders” may be formed from high objects (or several objects placed on top of one another) nearby the windowsill, allowing children to climb on. Therefore, in addition to limiting the height of windowsills, a minimum of the 5th percentile of the chest depth of 2-year old children should also be obtained and 2 cm should be subtracted. A switch or remote control for opening doors and windows should be installed to prevent children from crossing over or going through.
(九) From the perspective of escape, anthropometry of children’s body size should not be used as the proposed value for the width of the stairs, and should instead use the width of a teacher escaping with 2 children as the basis to avoid jostling during evacuation. The height of a stair step should be designed for the use of adult teachers and children. Low stair steps may cause teachers to fall, while high stair steps make it difficult for children to walk up and down.
(十) In terms of comfort and safety, the height of handrails should be designed based on the average height of an elbow bent at 30°.
(十一) As for safety and usage, if the diameter of the handrails is too big or too small, children may have difficulty holding on. Thus, the diameter of handrails should be 3 cm.
(十二) In terms of economic concerns and practicality, if sitting toilets are designed with different heights according to the height of the sitting position of different age groups, production will not be economically beneficial. It is therefore suggested that toilets are manufactured for two age groups, 2-year olds and 4-year olds, that can be adjusted by the constructer when installing the toilet.
Suggestions
Suggestion 1
Combine the results of studies related to government institutions and research institutes and release a general size chart to provide designers and constructers statistics for reference.
Organizer: Ministry of the Interior
Co-organizer: Ministry of Education
Co-sponsors: Architects Association and Association of Interior Designers
Gather the results of studies related to the size of facilities and equipment for children as well as related studies by other organizations. Coordinate and integrate sizes after analysis and compiling, and then release a statistical chart of size of facilities and equipment as a reference for designers and constructers.
Suggestion 2
Conduct a research on the design regulations for nursery schools
Organizer: Ministry of the Interior
Co-organizer: Ministry of Education
Co-sponsor: Architects Association and related departments in colleges and universities
Current databases on the statistics of anthropometry for children are complete and have provided basic proposed values for the facility and equipment size for children to enhance their ideal environment quality. The architecture and interior design regulations for nursery schools should be investigated and developed.

Suggestion 3
Mid- and long-term suggestion: Establish a database for the dynamic anthropometry of children aged 2 to 6 years old.
Organizer: Ministry of the Interior and the Department of Health
Co-organizer: Ministry of Education
The use of facilities and equipment are categorized as dynamic behavior; therefore it is not appropriate to use static anthropometry. Conducting studies on the dynamic anthropometry of children aged 2 to 6 years old is suggested.

Suggestion 4
Mid- and long-term suggestion: Establish a database for the body size of children aged 2 to 6 with physical and mental disabilities and those who have difficulty moving.
Organizer: Ministry of the Interior and the Department of Health
Co-organizer: Ministry of Education
A survey on the special needs and body size of children aged 2 to 6 with physical and mental disabilities and those who have difficulty moving should be conducted to establish the size of facilities and equipment for children.

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幼兒園有關幼兒使用設施設備尺寸之研究.pdf
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中華民國內政部建築研究所中華民國內政部建築研究所

研究成果

幼兒園有關幼兒使用設施設備尺寸之研究