中華民國內政部建築研究所中華民國內政部建築研究所

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上方連結

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輕量型鋼結構建築物(鐵皮屋)防火安全與消防搶救對策之研究

計畫主持人	蔡綽芳
協同主持人	紀人豪
執行單位	吳鳳科技大學
執行行程	103 年 03 月至 103 年 12 月
GPN
ISBN
MOIS
組別	安全防災組
執行方式	協同研究
關鍵詞	輕量型鋼結構、鐵皮屋、防火安全、消防搶救、金相複製
參考文獻

中文摘要：一、研究緣起
依照目前國內建築結構使用型態，輕量型鋼結構建築物即民間俗稱為鐵皮屋仍占有相當高的使用率，特別是許多高火載量的家具工廠、化學工廠、倉儲量販店等，甚至廣泛使用於違章建築物、臨時建築物等。然此類建築物不但構築雜亂，破壞都市景觀，且多數未經詳細結構分析計算，以及完善的施工監造，致使其鋼結構工程品質不佳。
鋼骨鐵皮類建築物耐久性與防火性能嚴重不足，一旦發生火災，多數由於內部火載量甚高，火災猛烈度甚大，短時間即超越鋼結構桿件的耐熱強度，鋼材的強度會急速降低，造成建築物短時間即崩塌之慘劇，不但大量縮短內部人員的避難逃生時間，也造成許多消防搶救人員的重大傷亡事故，例如94年3月高雄市博愛路家具工廠火災2名消防人員殉職、100年8月桃園五金鐵皮工廠火災3名消防人員重傷、101年3月新竹明湖路鐵皮屋火災5位民眾逃生不及而罹難、102年7月新北市泰山鐵皮工廠2名消防人員殉職等。
綜上所述，建築技術規則鋼構造建築物應強化防火構造的規定，還是火災時應將建築物主要構造撒水降溫，或改變消防戰略避開可能倒塌的建築物，應廣泛收集資料、實驗理論分析以及參考國內外規範等，進一步加以研究探討。
二、研究方法及過程
本研究擬搜集國內、外近年來輕量型鋼結構建築物(鐵皮屋)火災事件，深究其火災發生原因、人員傷亡程度等相關資料，並比較國外相關法規與研究成果，針對現行國內相關法規，提出修正建議。另外，利用金相分析、鋼板抗拉試驗等方法，針對鐵皮屋常用的輕量型鋼結構材料(A36)，進行600、700、800、900、950、1,000 ℃的火害實驗，探討鋼材在不同加熱溫度下，水淬後其表面的金相顯微組織，及內部鋼結構缺陷之變化情形，研擬此類輕量型鋼結構建築物火災的防火安全與消防搶救之對策。
期望透過本研究成果，提供國內相關法規修正之參考，調整此類建築物火災的消防搶救之對策，以避免輕量型鋼結構建築物(鐵皮屋)火災造成重大傷亡悲劇一再發生。
三、重要發現
經過國內鐵皮屋火災案例分析、相關法規研析、火害鋼板金相複製實驗等結果，本研究對輕量型鋼結構建築物(鐵皮屋)防火安全與消防搶救對策，初步摘錄有以下幾點重要發現：
(一)輕量型鋼結構建築物（鐵皮屋）有以下幾點火災特性：(1)結構不堅固。(2)火勢成長迅速。(3)屋內無防火區劃。(4)火災猛烈度大。
(二)鐵皮屋一但發生火災，多數由於內部火載量甚高，火災猛烈度甚大，短時間即超越鋼結構桿件的耐熱強度，其鋼骨容易因受熱而彎曲，整間鐵皮屋即會因重心不穩，失去平衡而塌陷。且鐵皮屋建築物內通常無防火區劃，一旦火災形成，如初期無法控制，在預燃相乘效應，可燃物會加速分解，致命之閃燃現象往往在消防隊介入時就已發生，增加了消防搶救困難。
(三)根據鋼(鐵)板火害後實驗研究成果，結構用低碳鋼板(A36)成份為80 %肥粒鐵(F) + 20 %波來鐵(P)，在經過鋼板加熱至800 ℃以上時，已多轉為變為沃斯田鐵相，經極速淬火處理(水冷)後，受熱鋼板的金相組織將變為變韌鐵相及麻田散鐵相，此時如重新加熱，則其金相組織仍為麻田散鐵相。
(四)鋼板加熱至800 ℃以上時，雖已轉為變為沃斯田鐵相，但如以自然冷卻方式，使高溫鋼板逐漸冷卻，則其金相組織將恢復部分波來鐵相，此時鋼板仍保有部分的韌性，不會發生突發性的脆裂行為。
(五)支撐鐵皮屋的鋼架在約538℃ 就會軟化，尤其很多鐵皮建築物都搭建2層，當火勢在2樓流竄，甚至達到閃燃時，在1樓救災人員根本看不到2樓的火勢，不知道自己已身陷危險之中，等到屋頂因猛烈燃燒而塌陷時，救災人員已來不及撤退。
(六)在許多鐵皮建築物，1樓有許多鋼袈支撐2樓地板，而2樓地板至天花板則為挑空，看不到任何垂直支撐之鋼架，所以當2樓猛烈燃燒時，非常容易塌陷，這也是所有消防救災人員必須特別注意的狀況，如果鐵皮屋是屬於2樓以上之結構，1、2樓同時有燃燒現象，如果沒有人命救助的任務時，現場指揮官一定要瞭解清楚火勢延燒的路徑，妥善部署後，才可以命令同仁深入火場搶救。
四、建議
建議一
立即可行建議：主管機關應透過風險評估觀念，執行環境及設施改善及加強輔導
主辦機關：各縣市政府
協辦機關：內政部消防署、營建署
應針對區內鐵皮建築物(工廠、倉庫等)，實施主被動設施風險危害評估，提出分段改善方案之輔導計畫，並提升業者自主性安全文化的素養。列管之場所，應加以進行防火診斷、防火管理、消防組訓，推動密集區域的區域聯防機制。
各地方縣市政府應加強實施區內廠房安全評估機制，並加強改善建築防火與消防安全設備部份，建議應邀集組成聯合輔導小組，以有效控制鐵皮廠房火災危害及風險。特別是不合法之鐵皮工廠，仍應鼓勵設置消防安全設備，消防單位仍應加以列管查核、管理、溝通，以早期發現消防安全問題，加以解決。
建議二
立即可行建議：加強消防人員防救災戰技之能力，並增進改善設備之功能
主辦機關：內政部消防署
協辦機關：各縣市政府消防局
救災安全教育必須落實，對於火場環境判斷，應設置符合火場內部實際情形的閃燃、爆燃、燃燒訓練設施。並增加國內訓練設施，以早中期燃燒模擬，做為火場環境判斷之火勢發展、煙層變化、煙層射水控制之育訓練使用。
另救災安全管理人員之安全官及安全幕僚要特別培育，使其具備實質上安全管理能力。
建議三
中長期建議：建構重大火災指揮效能，並運用3G即時提供災情訊息
主辦機關：各縣市政府
協辦機關：內政部消防署、內政部營建署
結合GIS、GPS，Google街景地圖(3G)、安管及數位圖像等系統，強化值勤員於火災發生時之資料蒐集及圖像辨識能力，並於派遣通報時立即協助火災地點情報收集、GIS圖面管理、指揮支援人力部署策略、掌握各梯次支援單位及搶救之動態、聯絡災害現場附近友軍提供支援，
運用GIS掌握道路寬度、樓層數、建物正面寬度與縱深、消防栓位置，指揮官藉此建構由攻擊車至起火建物所需延伸水線，及由出入口往內延伸水線的最長對角線（決定瞄子手攜帶水帶數)，放水瞄子數量、放水壓力及中繼供水車佔用水源之街廓分布（避免共撞)，GPS引導車輛進行部署動線，Google街景地圖看出建物外觀、窗口大小、道路停車狀況，此時大致可估火面周長、所需放水瞄子數、水壓、防護半徑，下達部署策略築起最佳防護延燒模式。
建議四
中長期建議：研擬鐵皮類建築物防火安全設備改善項目之研究
主辦機關：內政部建築研究所
協辦機關：內政部消防署、內政部營建署
透過鐵皮類建築物及工廠之廠房佈置、構造、設置等環境調查，並結合各機關單位辦理危害辦識、分析及輔導，研擬提出供業者於法規及成本下考量可進行改善防火安全項目及期程之方案，可協助事業單位建置完善且適當的安全防災環境，進而有效控制危害及風險，預防或消減災害發生的可能性或後果嚴重度。
建議五
中長期建議：增修「建築技術規則」部分條文
主辦機關：內政部營建署
協辦機關：內政部消防署、內政部建築研究所
在臺灣最常見到之構造型式，即為俗稱之鐵皮屋，大都為非防火構造之建築物。鐵皮屋係鋼構造或鋼鐵架造之建築物，鋼鐵屬於建築技術規則建築設計施工編第1條第28款的不燃材料，且鋼材加熱到600℃後的伸長率大增，鋼構建築物的柱、梁等主要構件，局部長度大增，可能發生內應力導致結構體崩塌，而一般火場可能達1,100℃，足以造成上述崩塌現象。當鋼構造或鋼鐵架造之建築物，如果沒有達到防火構造的要求，遭遇上述火害時，建築結構極可能發生倒塌的情形。
工廠以及倉儲類之建築物，因為生產以及保管儲存物質，具有高於一般建築物居室的火載量，一旦發生火災時，火災猛烈度將比一般建築物居室來的強，當工廠面積大時，無論避難、救災的困難度均會增加。另外，鐵皮屋經常在火災時發生倒塌情形，可能危害使用者及消防救災人員的生命安全。故工廠建築，應有加強防火構造之需要。針對建築技術規則建築設計施工編第69條規定：工業、倉儲類（C類）之總樓地板面積中「工廠除外」之文字，建議刪除修正條文。
英文摘要：1.Background
Light Gauge Steel (LGS) structures, also known as sheet metal buildings, still account for a high percentage of building structures in Taiwan, especially buildings with high fire load, such as furniture stores, chemical factories and warehouse stores. LGS is also widely used for the illegal and temporary structures. These structures are disordered, messy and damaging to the urbanscape. Many of them lack careful structural analysis and calculation as well as supervision during construction, which leads to poor structural quality in steel construction.
Buildings with steel frame and sheet metal covering are inadequate in durability and fire prevention. When the fire occurs, the high fire load within the building and the raging fire quickly exceed the fire resistance of the steel structure. The strength of the steel is reduced drastically, causing injuries and fatality among the fire fighting workers. For instance, two firefighters were killed on duty during the March 2005 fire at a furniture store on Boai Road, Kaohsiung City. Three firefighters were injured during a fire occurred at a sheet metal factory in Taoyuan in August 2011. In March 2012, five residents did not escape in time and died in the fire occurred in the sheet metal building on Minghu Road in Hsinchu. In July 2013, two fire fighters died on duty in a sheet metal factory in Taishan, New Taipei City.
In summary, researchers should explore further by collecting more information from a wide scope of fields, conducting more analysis and experiments on the theories as well as referencing the regulations and standards from around the world. They need to determine whether the building regulations concerning steel buildings should be reinforced to focus on fire prevention structure, whether the building should be sprayed with water during the fire to reduce the temperature, or change the fire fighting strategy to avoid buildings that might collapse.
2.Research Method and Process
This study collects fire incidences that occurred at LGS structures (sheet metal buildings) from Taiwan and around the world to determine information including the cause, injuries and fatality. Regulations and research studies from Taiwan and around the globe are also compared to provide recommendations for current domestic regulations. In addition, the study conducts metallographic analysis and tests the steel plate tensile strength for the fire tests at 600, 700, 800, 900, 950 and 1,000 ℃ on A36, the LGS material typically used for the sheet metal buildings. The tests examine the metallographic microstructure on the surface of the quenched steel and internal structural defects within the steel. The findings will help formulate the fire safety and fighting strategies during fires occurred in LGS buildings.
It is the hope that the findings from this study may serve as a reference for regulatory amendments in Taiwan, which will adjust the strategies applied toward fire fighting and fighting during this type of fire, and prevent LGS fires and such fatal tragedy from ever happening again.
3.Important Research Results
Examination of case studies, regulatory analysis and experiments on metallographic reproduction of the steel plates used during the fire renders the following key findings concerning the fire safety and fighting strategies for LGS buildings (sheet metal buildings)：
(I) LGS buildings (sheet metal buildings) have the following fire characteristics：(1) Weak structure; (2) The fire spreads quickly; (3) Lack of indoor fire planning; (4) The fire is strong.
(II) When fire occurs within a sheet metal building, the high fire load within and the fierce fire quickly exceed the thermal resistance of the steel structure. The steel frame is likely to bend due to heat, which destabilizes the entire building and causes collapse. There is usually a lack of fire prevention plan within the building. Once the fire starts and cannot be controlled quickly, the multiplier effect from the preheating would quickly dissolve the flammable objects, causing the fatal flashover long before the firefighters arrive, making the fighting efforts even more difficult.
(III) According to the post-fire steel (metal) plate test, A36 plate is composed of 80% Ferrite (F) and 20% Pearlite (P). When the temperature reaches 800℃, the steel turns to Austenite. After quenching, the metallographic structure of the heated steel plate becomes Bainite and Martinsite. If the steel is reheated at this point, the metallographic structure remains as Martinsite.
(IV) Though the steel plate becomes Martinsite when it is heated to 800℃, when it is cooled down naturally, it returns to be partly Pearlite, which retains the partial toughness without brittle fracture.
(V) The steel frame that supports the sheet metal building starts to soften at 538℃. This type of building is typically two-story structure. When the fire spreads to the second floor and when flashover occurs, the fighting firefighters cannot see the fire on the second floor and thus are unknowingly caught in danger. By the time the roof collapses, it is too late to escape.
(VI) In many sheet metal buildings, the steel columns on the first support the second floor while there are no supporting structures on the second floor except the walls, which is why the second floor ceiling tends to collapse during fire. This is something of which all firefighters must take precaution. If the sheet metal building is a two-story structure or above while both the first and second floors are burning, under the premise of no human lives are threatened, the commander on site must understand the fire spread first and then send the firefighters in after careful deployment.
4.Main Suggestions
Suggestion 1：The competent authority should improve the environment and facilities with enhanced coaching with the concept of risk assessment.
Executive institution：County and city governments
Cooperative institution：National Fire Agency and Construction and Planning Agency, Ministry of the Interior
Governments should conduct proactive and reactive risk assessments on the sheet metal structures within the jurisdiction, such as factories and warehouses, provide coaching programs that help with phased improvements, and enhance the safety awareness of business owners. Controlled locations that are listed for fire prevention determination, management, organization and training to promote regional defense mechanism in dense regions.
City and county governments should enhance the safety evaluation mechanism for the factories within their jurisdiction and improve building fire prevention as well as safety and fire fighting equipment. It is recommended that the governments form a united coaching team to effectively control the risks and danger of fire at sheet metal buildings. Illegal sheet metal factories, in particular, should be encouraged to install fire fighting equipment. The fire units shall pay additional attention on inspection, management and communication to detect and solve any fire safety issues.
Suggestion 2：Enhance the fire workers ability in disaster relief and combating fire as well as improve the functions of the facilities and equipment.
Executive institution：National Fire Agency, Ministry of the Interior
Cooperative institution：City and County Fire Departments
Safety and disaster relief education must be fully implemented. Training must include facilities that simulate actual fire scenes with scenarios of flashover, backdraft and combustion. Increasing training facilities that simulate the combustion from early to mid-stages may provide educational training for determining the fire spread, changes in smoke layers and the control when spraying the smoke layer at the fire scene.
In addition, the fire safety and disaster relief officers must undergo special training to be fully capable of safety management.

Suggestion 3：Build command functions for major fire and utilize 3G to provide real time disaster information.
Executive institution：County and city governments
Cooperative institution：National Fire Agency and Construction and Planning Agency, Ministry of the Interior
Recommendations include integrating systems such as GIS, GPS, and Google Maps (3G), security management and digital imaging; strengthening duty officers’ ability in data collection and imaging recognition during the fire; helping collect information concerning the fire scene during reporting and deployment; GIS image management; deployment strategies for staff support; grasping the dynamics of rescue efforts from various units; contacting the military service close to the fire scene for support.
GIS can be utilized to pinpoint the road width, building levels, width and depth as well as the location of fire hydrants. The commander may utilize it to estimate the length of extension water belt needed from the fire truck to the building on fire. GIS can also calculate the longest diagonal to determine the number of water belt to be carried by the person controlling the nozzle, the number of nozzle, water pressure, and the street layout for locations of water source for the replay trucks to avoid conflicts. GPS may guide the fire trucks through the line of movement. Google Maps Street View can provide information such as building facades, the size of windows and parking condition. With these information, a few calculations can be made, such as the circumference of the fire spread, the number of water nozzles, water pressure and protection radius to build the optimal model and strategy to prevent the fire from spreading.
Suggestion 4：Conduct studies that improve the fire safety and equipment for sheet metal buildings.
Executive institution：Architecture and Building Research Institute, Ministry of the Interior
Cooperative institution：National Fire Agency and Construction and Planning Agency, Ministry of the Interior
By conducting site surveys that include the decoration, structure and installation in sheet metal and factory buildings and combining the risk recognition, analysis and coaching from all units and departments, authorities may provide businesses with proposals that meet the regulatory and cost concerns while improving fire safety details and schedule. The proposals may also help businesses establish comprehensive, adequate and safe disaster prevention environment to effective control the risks and danger and prevent or eliminate the possibilities or consequences of disasters.
Suggestion 5：Amend part of the provisions in Building Code and Regulations.
Executive institution：Construction and Planning Agency, Ministry of the Interior
Cooperative institution：National Fire Agency and Architecture and Building Research Institute, Ministry of the Interior
Sheet metal buildings, which are mostly without fire prevention, are a common form of building structure in Taiwan. They are often built with steel or metal, which is classified as non-combustible materials under Item 28, Article 1 of Building Design and Construction of the Building Code and Regulations. When the steel reaches the temperature of 600℃, its percent elongation increases dramatically, causing the partial length of beams and columns and internal stress, which lead to collapse. The temperature may reach 1,100℃ at a typical fire scene, which is able to cause the collapse mentioned previously. Steel or metal buildings that are not built according to the fire prevention requirements, such collapse is very likely to happen during fire.
Buildings such as factories and warehouses are used for production or storage purposes and therefore have a higher fire load than regular buildings. When the fire breaks out, it is usually stronger than it would be in regular structures. The larger the factory, the more difficult it is for evacuation and rescue. Additionally, sheet metal buildings often collapse during fire, which endangers the lives and safety of the firefighters and fighting workers. Therefore, it is necessary to reinforce the fire resistance of factory buildings. Article 69 of Building Design and Construction of the Building Code and Regulations excludes factory area from the gross floor area of industrial and warehouse uses (category C). It is recommended that such exclusion be deleted.

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輕量型鋼結構建築物(鐵皮屋)防火安全與消防搶救對策之研究.pdf
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中華民國內政部建築研究所中華民國內政部建築研究所

研究成果

輕量型鋼結構建築物(鐵皮屋)防火安全與消防搶救對策之研究