中華民國內政部建築研究所中華民國內政部建築研究所

一、研究緣起及背景
臺灣地狹人稠，隨著經濟發展，建築物運用之建築型態亦大幅改變，為了增加人類可利用之空間，舉凡地下停車場、地下街、地下商場等複合式地下建築物數量越來越多，越來越深，規模越來越大。大型（面積廣大或垂直深度過深）地下建築空間，在發生火災時，往往因為濃煙過大、蔓延整個空間、火源搜尋不易及人員疏散避難困難度高等因素，易造成重大人命傷亡及財產損失，屬於高風險性之場所。
當前消防人員執行地下建築空間或多樣化的用途的大型建築空間火災搶救任務，可能因濃煙、高溫（熱）及建築內部隔間因素導致消防人員空間迷航，造成傷亡意外發生，基此，為提升消防人員救災成效，降低自身傷亡率，除強化救災裝備效能及救災安全訓練外，對於建築物本身硬體設施設備與消防救災結合之應用以及強化救災安全策略方面實需進行研究，提供安全可靠的救災環境，除了提升救災效率之外，另一方面則是確保消防人員本身之救災安全。
二、研究方法及步驟：本研究所採用之方法
(一)文獻研究法：蒐集國內外地下建築空間前進指揮站或消防救災據點、消防搶救上必要設備之規範或研究文獻等相關資訊，以提供作為國內地下建築空間前進指揮站或消防救災據點、消防搶救上必要設備設置規範或法規修改之參考依據。
(二)案例分析法：分析國內外有關地下或大型建築空間火災案例有關消防搶救情形與問題分析，針對個案搶救情形與現行搶救策略進行比較。
(三)調查研究法：以國內北部、中部及南部為標的，各選擇一個縣市具備大型地下建築空間之各一棟建築物為目標。藉由現場勘查以了解建築物內部有關前進指揮站或消防救災據點、消防搶救上必要設備設置與否以及實際狀況，作為探討前進指揮站或消防救災據點、消防搶救上必要設備設置及消防搶救策略或方案實務之整合依據。
(四)專家訪談法：拜訪國內具有大型建築空間建築物消防救災經驗之專業人士（如：縣市消防局中、高階消防指揮官）進行訪談，針對本研究之主要議題進行討論與提出相關建議，以作為本研究主題之重要參考依據。
(五)電腦分析法：利用電腦軟體Anylogic模擬消防人員執行火災搶救時，運送大量傷病患的路徑及所需時間以及消防人員進入救災集結點的路徑及所需時間。
三、重要發現：經由本研究透過綜合分析及整理後，獲得以下發現。
(一)透過文獻探討可知地下建築空間火災危害特性可分為濃煙密布、搶救困難、避難疏散不易、可燃物數量多、高溫灼熱、濃煙蔓延、迅速延燒、結構封閉、無線電通信困難、發展多樣化等，其中濃煙密布的因素佔居首位，顯見此因素是造成消防人員搶救困難、內部人員避難疏散不易之首要原因，也凸顯出火災搶救時進行排煙或者侷限煙流之重要性。
(二)從相關重大火災案例分析，可以發現地下建築空間救災耗費時間較長且不易，消防人員必須深入現場進行人命搜救以及滅火活動，受限於空氣瓶使用時限，導致確認火點之困難度極高，增加消防人員之危險性。
(三)從文獻資料及現地勘查得知防災中心或中央管理室在構造、設施設備具有多項功能性，作為前進指揮站應屬可行。規劃前進指揮站時，可將防災中心或中央管理室者擬定為前進指揮站，或以防災中心或中央管理室之規範，作為規劃前進指揮站之參考。
(四)從文獻資料及現地勘查得知緊急昇降機間或特別安全梯間空間具有當作消防救災據點之可行性。規劃消防救災據點時，可將緊急昇降機間、特別安全梯間擬定為消防救災據點，或以緊急昇降機間或特別安全梯間之規範，作為規劃消防救災據點之參考。
(五)消防人員對於消防搶救上必要設備之連結送水管運用之可靠度及信任度較低，因此，對於連結送水管標準作業流程建立、訓練、定期檢查及維護有其必要性。
(六)大規模地下建築空間救災，其通訊聯絡為首要重點，如場所已設置無線電通訊輔助設備，消防人員應定期測試，保持本身傳輸功效；如場所未設置者，應利用演練時，以無線電中繼台進行中繼傳輸，以確保救災時通訊無疑慮，另建議輔導未設置者設置改善，期使提升消防救災通訊品質，以利救災活動展開。
(七)有關地下建築空間在前進指揮站或消防救災據點處所之位置、構造及設備部分，建議未來相關主管機關互相合作，就其權責將建築與消防法規進行分配及釐清，促使法規執行及推動。
四、建議事項
建議一：前進指揮站及消防救災據點與消防戰術運用整合教育推廣。
建議二：修訂「各類場所消防安全設備設置標準」有關地下建築空間排煙設備設置之規定。
建議三：修訂「建築技術規則設計施工篇」有關地下建築物緊急昇降機及機間設置之規定。
建議四：協助既有地下建築空間設置前進指揮站及消防救災據點空間。
建議五：協助既有地下建築空間無線電通信輔助設備改善。
建議六：強化地下建築空間公共安全檢查與消防安全檢查。

I.Research Background
Taiwan's land is narrow and thick. With the development of the economy, the architectural style of buildings has also changed dramatically. In order to increase the available space, the underground underground parking lots, underground streets, underground shopping malls and other complex underground buildings are getting bigger and bigger, deep. Large-scale (large area or vertical depth is too deep) underground building space, is a high-risk disaster site, often due to excessive smoke, fire source search is difficult, personnel evacuation difficulties and other factors, causing significant losses.
At present, firefighters perform large-scale building space fire rescue missions for underground building space or diversified purposes. The firefighters may be lost in space due to smoke, high temperature (heat) and internal compartment factors, causing casualties to occur. Improve the effectiveness of firefighters' disaster relief and reduce their own casualty rate. In addition to strengthening the effectiveness of disaster relief equipment and disaster safety training, the study will provide a safe and reliable study on the application of the hardware facilities and firefighting and disaster relief of the building itself and the strengthening of the disaster relief strategy. The disaster relief environment will improve the efficiency of disaster relief and ensure the safety of disaster relief.
II.Methodology
The method adopted in this study
1.Literature research method: collect relevant information such as the forward command post or firefighting disaster relief base of domestic and foreign underground construction space, the specifications of the necessary equipment for fire rescue, or research literature, etc., to provide as the national underground building space forward command post or fire rescue base, fire protection The reference for the necessary equipment setting specifications or regulations revision for rescue.
2.Case analysis method: Analyze the fire rescue situation and problems related to underground or large building space fire cases at home and abroad, and compare the case rescue situation with the current rescue strategy.
3.Research method: Targeting the northern, central and southern parts of the country, each of the counties and cities has a single building with a large underground building space. Through on-site survey to understand the internal command post or fire rescue base, the necessary equipment for fire rescue, and the actual situation inside the building, as a discussion of the forward command post or fire rescue base, necessary equipment setup for fire rescue and fire rescue strategy Or the basis for the integration of program practices.
4.Expert interview method: Visiting domestic professionals with large-scale building space building fire rescue experience (such as: middle and high-level fire commanders of county and city fire stations) to conduct interviews, discuss and propose relevant suggestions for the main topics of this study. As an important reference for the subject of this research.
5.Computer analysis method: Use the computer software Anylogic to simulate the path and time required for the firefighters to carry out fire rescue, and the path and time required for firefighters to enter the disaster relief assembly.
III.Key Findings
Through the comprehensive analysis and collation, the following findings were obtained.
1.Through literature review, it can be seen that the fire hazard characteristics of underground building space can be divided into thick smoke dense, difficult to rescue, difficult to evacuate, high amount of combustibles, high temperature burning, smoke spread, rapid extension, structural closure, communication difficulties, development diversification, etc. Among them, the factors of dense smoke occupy the first place. It is obvious that this factor is the primary cause of the difficulty in rescue of firefighters and the difficulty of evacuating internal personnel. It also highlights the importance of smoke exhaustion during fire rescue.
2.From the analysis of relevant major fire cases, it can be found that underground building space disasters take a long time and are not easy. Firefighters must go deep into the scene to conduct life search and rescue and fire fighting activities. It is limited by the time limit of air bottle use and the difficulty of confirming the fire point. Increase the risk of firefighters.
3.From the literature and on-the-spot investigations, it is known that the disaster prevention center or the central management office has many functions in the structure, facilities and equipment, and it should be feasible as a fire rescue base. When planning a fire rescue base, you can use the disaster prevention center or the central management office as a fire rescue base, or use the specifications of the disaster prevention center or the central management office as a reference for planning fire rescue sites.
4.From the literature and on-the-spot investigations, it is known that the emergency lift room or special safety ladder space has the feasibility of being used as a forward command post. When planning the forward command post, the emergency lift room and the special safety ladder room can be designated as the forward command post, or the specification of the emergency lift room or the special safety ladder can be used as a reference for the planning forward command post.
5.The firefighters have low reliability and trust in the connection of the necessary equipment for fire rescue. Therefore, it is necessary to establish, train, regularly inspect and maintain the standard operation procedures of the connected water supply pipes.
6.Large-scale underground building space disaster relief, its communication is the primary focus. If the station has set up radio communication auxiliary equipment, firefighters should regularly test and maintain its own transmission efficiency; if the place is not set, the drill should be used in the radio. Relay relay transmission to ensure that the communication during disaster relief is undoubted, and it is recommended that the unsupervised person set up improvement, and the quality of firefighting and disaster relief communication will be improved to facilitate disaster relief activities.
7.Regarding the location, structure and equipment of the underground building space at the firefighting and disaster relief base or the forward command post, it is recommended that the relevant competent authorities cooperate with each other in the future to allocate and clarify the building and fire protection regulations, and promote the implementation and promotion of the regulations.
IV.Suggestions
1.Fire protection and disaster relief bases and forward command posts and fire tactics use integrated education promotion.
2.Amend the "Standard for Installation of Fire Safety Equipments Based on Use and Occupancy " to stipulate the requirements for the installation of smoke evacuation equipment in underground buildings.
3.Amend the provisions of the "Construction Technical Rules Design and Construction" relating to the installation of emergency lifts and machines in underground buildings.
4.Assist in the installation of firefighting and relief sites and the space of the forward command post in the existing underground building space.
5.Assist in the improvement of radio communication aids in existing underground building spaces.
6.Strengthen the public safety and fire safety inspection of underground building space.