中華民國內政部建築研究所中華民國內政部建築研究所

一、研究緣起
儘管建築物做為滿足人類需求和提供無數利益的重要設施，但建築物在能源市場中扮演著重要角色，以及對環境產生的破壞性影響是不容忽視的。建築能源消耗總量的3/4是來自住宅，可見住宅能源需求不論從目前使用規模或未來潛在成長來看都是相當突出顯著的，因此提高住宅的能源效率可以在減少全球能源相關的溫室氣體排放量方面發揮關鍵作用。Payam Nejat[1]等人的研究顯示，在調查的10個國家中，除了美國和日本增長了4％之外，所有其他已開發國家都顯示出減少二氧化碳排放的前景。調查結果也指出各國採用了如建築能源法規，激勵措施，能源標章等不同的能源政策，而這些能源政策在控制能源消耗方面發揮著重要作用。如果這些政策通過強制實施，加強推動淨零能源建築，以及提高公眾對新技術的認識，那麼這些政策就會取得成功。然而中國、印度和伊朗等發展中國家的溫室氣體排放和能源消耗仍然大幅增長，這主要與缺乏強有力的有效政策有關。
二、研究方法及過程
本研究蒐集各國住宅部門相關獎勵措施，比較國內外政策實施方向，並透過與國內專家學者諮詢，研提適合我國民情之溫室氣體獎勵措施，並根據住宅能源模擬模型，基於未來氣象年預估所需減量目標。我國於2030年溫室氣體減量目標2005年的80%(2291萬噸)，推估結果發現在電力排放係數調適後，仍有98萬噸之缺口，可望透過我國目前以推動之行動方案及本研究所提出之措施補足。本研究針對五項調適項目包括：電力排放係數調適、建築外殼、空調、家電、照明預估其減碳效益，發現因我國能源結構改變之電力排放係數為自訂預期貢獻能否達標之關鍵，另外研究結果發現相較法規趨嚴既有建築及老舊設備之更新率為影響減碳效益之主要因素，倘若因獎勵措施誘導加上自然汰換達更高之更新率，定能為住宅部門溫室氣體減量達到相當的貢獻。
三、重要發現
本研究所得之重要結論如下：
1.目前我國已實施之相關獎勵措施如：家電汰舊換新、建築法規、設備能效規範、低碳家園、綠建築等，仍須持續執行。
2.目前國內外獎勵措施主要針對四個部分：1.外殼熱性能2.設備效能3.再生能源4.資訊揭露。國外獎勵措施：房屋財務措施補貼稅收及優惠貸款、節能抵押貸款、住宅節能房地產信貸、威爾士家庭能源效率計畫、降低節能材料的增值稅、補貼新建築或翻新、紐芬蘭和拉布拉多住宅和商業折扣計劃等，目的皆為提升老舊設備更新率或老舊建築物翻新率。
3.資訊揭露的措施如：各國的能效標章、各國建築能效評級、各國綠建築標章、日本的高性能節能電器目錄、美國的節能指南、德國的消費者能源諮詢、加拿大的安大略電表租借計畫等，雖無法量化其減碳效益，但由各國推行狀況，可發現有效的資訊揭露對節能減碳有一定的助益。
4.四項主要住宅電力消費項目，減碳效益由高至低分別為，家電>空調>照明>建築外殼，其中因建築外殼所占住宅電力消費僅6%，故其所能達之減碳效益為最少。
5.建築物及設備之更新率影響程度大於建築物法規趨嚴抑或是設備效率法規趨嚴 。
6.住宅能源結構85%為電力，其餘為化石燃料，故電力排放係數調適是國家自訂預期貢獻是否能達標的重要因素。
7.為達國家自訂預期目標，除了電力排放係數調適外，仍須住宅部門其餘調適項目的貢獻。
四、建議事項
根據本研究成果發現，提出下列具體建議，分別從勵即可行建議及中長期建議加以列舉如下：
建議一
提升舊設備更新率
目前我國常見的家電汰舊換新包括：冰箱、冷氣，貨物稅減免的項目包括：電冰箱、冷氣及除濕機，針對燃氣器具補助項目包括：瓦斯爐及熱水器。可增加其他家用耗電產品包括洗衣機、烘衣機、飲水機等，同時因應科技進步修訂相關家電能效法規。
照明設備部分也能參考國外的獎勵措施：如印度的國內高效照明計畫、日本的領跑者計畫中的照明設備、韓國的高效電子產品補助中的照明系統等，透過高效能照明產品補貼或低利率貸款，增加老舊照明設備的更新率，提升室內照明效率、降低能耗，達到溫室氣體減量目標。
主辦機關：經濟部能源局
協辦機關：各地方政府
建議二
提升舊建築翻新率
建築外殼隔熱改善的部分也能參考國外的獎勵措施：日本的房屋財務措施補貼、稅收、優惠貸款、英國的降低節能材料的增值稅、德國的節能翻新、加拿大的住宅節能改造補貼等，上述措施目的為提升老舊建築翻新率。改善老舊建築物成本較更新老舊設備高，導致住宅外殼改善有一定的侷限性，在經費的許可下，仍可透過獎勵性質的外殼隔熱改善補助為住宅部門溫室氣體減量達到一定的貢獻。
主辦機關：內政部營建署、內政部建築研究所
協辦機關：各地方政府
建議三
中長期建議以目前國內尚未執行之措施為主，如：家庭能源管理系統、待機功率驗證、零能耗住宅、建築能源護照等。
主辦機關：經濟部能源局、台灣電力公司、內政部營建署、內政部建築研究所

1.Introduction
Buildings are important facilities to meet human needs and provide countless benefits, but buildings play an important role in the energy market and have a devastating impact on the environment that cannot be ignored. Three-quarters of the total energy consumption of buildings comes from residential sources. It can be seen that residential energy demand is quite prominent in terms of current scale of use or potential growth in the future. Therefore, improving the energy efficiency of residential buildings can reduce global energy-related greenhouse gases. It plays a key role in emissions.
According to Payam Nejat et al. [1], among the 10 countries surveyed, all other developed countries have shown a prospect of reducing carbon dioxide emissions, with the exception of the United States and Japan, which have increased by 4%. The survey also pointed out that countries have adopted different energy policies such as building energy regulations, incentives, energy labels, etc., and these energy policies play an important role in controlling energy consumption. If these policies are enforced, promote the promotion of net zero-energy buildings, and raise public awareness of new technologies, then these policies will succeed. However, greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption in developing countries such as China, India and Iran are still growing substantially, which is mainly related to the lack of strong and effective policies.
2.Method
This study collects incentives for residential sectors in various countries, compares the differences between Taiwan and foreign countries, and consults with experts and scholars in Taiwan to develop greenhouse gas incentives that suit our national conditions. The projected future greenhouse gas reduction target is based on the residential energy simulation model and TMY3 in Taiwan.
In Taiwan, the greenhouse gas reduction target for 2030 is 80% (22.91 million tons) in 2005. According to the estimation results, even if the conversion factors for electricity is adjusted due to technological development, there is still a shortage of about 980,000 tons, which is expected to be achieved through the current action plan promoted by Taiwan and the measures proposed in this study. The five adaptation projects in this study: power emission factors, building envelopes, air conditionings, home appliances, lighting, and predicting the GHG reduction benefits they can achieve. The study found that the power emission factor due to changes in energy structure is the key to achieving the goal. In addition, the research found that compared with the stricter regulations, the renewal rate of buildings and old equipment is the main factor affecting the GHG reduction benefits. At present, the natural replacement of old equipment and houses, coupled with the replacement of incentives, will definitely contribute to the reduction of GHG in the residential sector.
3.Significant
The following findings have been achieved in this research：
a)Relevant incentive measures that have been implemented, such as: replacement of old appliances, building regulations, equipment energy efficiency regulations, low-carbon homes, green buildings, etc., must continue to be implemented.
b)The incentive measures collected are mainly for four parts: 1. Thermal performance of the building envelope 2. Appliance performance 3. Renewable energy 4. Information disclosure. Foreign incentives: housing finance measures subsidies tax and concessional loans, energy-efficient mortgages, residential energy-efficient real estate credits, Welsh household energy efficiency programs, VAT reduction for energy-efficient materials, subsidies for new buildings or renovations, Newfoundland and Labrador Residential and commercial discount plans, etc., are aimed at improving the rate of renewal of old equipment and the rate of renovation of old buildings.
c)Information disclosure measures such as: energy efficiency labels for various countries, energy efficiency ratings of national buildings, national green building standards, Japan's high-performance energy-saving appliances catalog, US energy-saving guidelines, German consumer energy consulting, Canada's Ontario meter rental program Etc. Because these measures are mostly influencing user behavior, it is difficult to quantify GHG reduction benefits. However, the implementation of various countries can find that effective information disclosure is quite helpful for energy conservation and GHG reduction.
d)Four major residential power consumption projects, the GHG reduction benefits are from high to low, respectively. Home Appliances>Air Conditioning>Lighting>Building Envelope, of which the residential power consumption of the building shell is only 6%, so the GHG reduction benefit that it can achieve is least.
e)The impact of building and equipment renewal rates is greater than the tightened building regulations and equipment efficiency regulations.
f)Electricity accounts for 85% of the residential energy structure, and the rest is fossil fuels. Therefore, the conversion factors for electricity is the key to meeting national targets.
g)In order to meet the national target, in addition to the adjustment of the power emission factor, the contribution of the remaining adjustment projects in the residential sector is still required.
4.Recommendation
a)Upgrade old device updates
b)Upgrade old residential renovation
c)The long-term recommendations are based on measures that have not yet been implemented in Taiwan, such as: home energy management systems, standby power verification, zero-energy houses, and building energy passports.