中華民國內政部建築研究所中華民國內政部建築研究所

一、研究緣起與目的
我國將於民國114年（2025）邁入超高齡社會， 65歲以上人數將達470萬人，社會住宅應提早建構完善設施設備及必要附屬設施，以完善經濟及社會弱勢者之照顧。本研究係依據「高齡者安居敬老環境科技計畫」項下「社會住宅環境設計」課題，研究目的如下：
1.釐清我國社會住宅設施設備及必要附屬設施之問題。
2.分析美國公共住宅、日本公營住宅及我國社會住宅設施設備及必要附屬設施之法令規定差異。
3.針對我國「社會住宅設施設備及社會福利服務協助項目」及「社會住宅必要附屬設施項目及規模」提出法令修正建議，並提出「社會住宅設施設備及必要附屬設施設計原則」 (草案)，供本部營建署、各直轄市、縣(市)政府、國家住宅及都市更新中心及業界參考。
二、研究方法及過程
(一)研究方法
1.文獻分析：分析美國公共住宅、日本公營住宅及我國社會住宅設施設備、必要附屬設施文獻，進行歸納整理。並透過大數據整理我國高齡者及身心障礙者的統計資料，作為提出相關法令修正及「社會住宅設施設備及必要附屬設施設計原則」 (草案)依據。
2.案例調查與分析：對美國公共住宅、日本公營住宅及我國社會住宅之重要案例進行分析，並通過現地訪查社會住宅案例，了解實際問題。
3.專家訪談：透過對本部營建署、國家住宅及都市更新中心、專業者都市改革組織之專家進行深度訪談，探討國外社會住宅之發展趨勢及特色、我國社會住宅法令問題及提出相關建議。
(二)研究步驟
步驟1:國內外社會住宅設施設備及必要附屬設施之法令及文獻蒐集。
步驟2 :美國公共住宅、日本公營住宅及我國社會住宅設施設備及必要附屬設施相關法令條文分析。
步驟3: 美國公共住宅、日本公營住宅及我國社會住宅相關案例分析與現地調查。
步驟4:進行專家訪談。
步驟5:提出我國「社會住宅設施設備及社會福利服務協助項目」及「社會住宅必要附屬設施項目及規模」法令建議和「社會住宅設施設備及必要附屬設施設計原則」 (草案)。
三、重要發現
(一)我國社會住宅設施設備及必要附屬設施特色分析
1.我國社會住宅政策來自整體住宅政策，「住宅法」為社會住宅母法，「社會住宅設施設備及社會福利服務協助項目規定」及「社會住宅必要附屬設施項目及規模」已提出室內設施設備及社會住宅必要附屬設施、空間需求，另「社會住宅規劃設計興建及營運管理作業手冊」已對附屬設施提出相關設計建議，現行社會住宅必要附屬設施項目具備彈性及多樣性，設置規模可依各目的事業主管機關規定及實際需求辦理。
2.為能順利執行社會住宅政策，臺北市政府及新北市政府已訂定興辦社會住宅基地設置服務設施原則、社區營運管理要點、規劃設計階段注意事項、社會住宅都市設計審議原則、辦理社會住宅及其附屬設施空間專案提供使用作業要點、社會住宅規劃設計基準需求表，以符合社會住宅之政策執行。
3.從專家訪談及案例分析發現社會住宅之設施設備及必要附屬設施雖具多元性，但仍有未符合實際需要可加以改善之處。
(二)美國公共住宅設施設備和必要附屬設施特色分析
1.美國公共住宅政策採用住宅選擇劵制度，無明確設施設備及必要附屬設施內容，但有公平住宅無障礙指引來保障社會住宅無障礙環境建構。
2.與美國的公平住宅制度對照，法國社會住宅青銀共居模式，荷蘭社會住宅發展多樣性住宅方案，德國住宅合作社計畫，都具備創新性。
3.從歐美社會住宅案例分析發現，公共住宅重視以設計去除標籤化及產生多樣空間，具備實驗性、永續生態、社區照顧融入空間設計之思考。
(三)日本公營住宅設施設備和必要附屬設施特色分析
1.日本公營住宅政策主要提供給低收入家庭，管理單位為地方政府與財團法人組織。「公營住宅法」、「公營住宅法施行細則」、「公營住宅整備基準」已就公營住宅之建地、樓棟、住宅、住戶、室內、共用部分、附屬設施進行詳盡規定，法令內容完備。
2.因應超高齡社會，日本公營住宅考量通用設計及設施設備的彈性，並要求共用部分及專用部分需符合無障礙設計基準。
3.從日本公營住宅設計案例分析發現重視經濟弱勢，考量通用設計、高齡者照顧、開放空間及設計創意，必要附屬設施具備多樣性。
(四)我國社會住宅法令之建議
1.本研究對「社會住宅設施設備及社會福利服務協助項目規定」提出修正條文，建議直轄市、縣（市）政府主動評估社會住宅基地之設施設備及社會福利服務項目需求。考量未來超高齡社會身心障礙者及高齡者設置相關必要設施與設備可考量彈性。
2.本研究對「社會住宅必要附屬設施項目及規模」提出修正，建議優先考量長期照顧政策推動，設置相關必要附屬設施。
3.本研究研擬「社會住宅設施設備及必要附屬設施設計原則」 (草案)，未來可納入「社會住宅規劃設計及興建與營運管理作業參考手冊」，提供給本部營建署、各直轄市、縣(市)政府、國家住宅及都市更新中心參考。
四、建議與對策
1.建議一：研究成果未來納入「社會住宅設施設備及社會福利服務協助項目規定」及「社會住宅必要附屬設施項目及規模規定」條文修正：立即可行建議
主辦機關：內政部營建署
協辦機關：內政部建築研究所
本研究參考國內外社會住宅法令、專家訪談分析，擬定「社會住宅設施設備及社會福利服務協助項目規定」及「社會住宅必要附屬設施項目及規模規定」修正條文，未來可納入本部營建署參考。
2.建議二：本研究成果擬定「社會住宅設施設備及必要附屬設施設計原則」 (草案)，可提供各直轄市、縣(市)政府、國家住宅及都市更新中心參考：中長期建議
主辦機關：內政部營建署
協辦機關：內政部建築研究所
本研究透過社會住宅法令、專家訪談、案例分析，擬定「社會住宅因應高齡者及身心障礙者之必要附屬設施設計基準」 (草案)，未來可提供執行社會住宅設施設備及必要附屬設施之設計參考。
3.建議三：本研究針對美、日、我國社會住宅法令研究及案例分析，可納入「社會住宅規劃設計興建及營運管理作業手冊」及社會住宅講習教材：中長期建議
主辦機關：內政部營建署
協辦機關：內政部建築研究所
因應超高齡社會來臨，本研究進行社會住宅之設施設備及必要附屬設施法令及案例分析，可納入「社會住宅規劃設計興建及營運管理作業手冊」及講習教材，提供給各直轄市、縣(市)政府及建築師參考使用。

1.The origin and purpose of the research
As our country has entered an elderly society and will enter a super-aged society in 2025, Taiwan should improve the facilities and equipment for the construction of social housing, social welfare services, and necessary auxiliary facilities in advance to take care of the disadvantaged. The term "social housing" in my country is similar to "public housing" in the United States and " public operated houses " in Japan.
Based on the subject of "Social Housing Environment Design" under the "A Safe and Secure Living Environment Technology Plan for the Elderly ", this research proposed amendments to relevant laws and regulations for the "Facilities, Equipment and Social Welfare Services Assistance Projects" and " Compulsory Auxiliary Facilities Project and Scale" of social housing in our country, and put forward the "Design Criteria for Compulsory Auxiliary Facilities for the Elderly and the Disabled in Social Housing" (draft) for reference to the Headquarters Construction and Construction Agency, municipalities, county (city) governments, and architects.
The research objectives are as follows:
A.Clarify the issues of "Facilities, Equipment and Social Welfare Services Assistance Projects" and" Compulsory Auxiliary Facilities Project and Scale" of social housing in our country.
B.Analyze the differences in the laws and regulations of the “Facilities, Equipment, and Social Welfare Services Assistance Projects" and " Compulsory Auxiliary Facilities Project and Scale" of public housing in America, Japan and our country.
C.Proposed amendments to relevant laws and regulations for the "Facilities, Equipment, and Social Welfare Services Assistance Projects" and " Compulsory Auxiliary Facilities Project and Scale" of social housing in our country, and put forward the "Design Criteria for Compulsory Auxiliary Facilities for the Elderly and the Disabled in Social Housing" (draft) for reference to the Headquarters Construction and Construction Agency, municipalities, county (city) governments, and architects.
2.Research method and process
A.Research methods
1.Literature analysis: Focus on residential interior space, facilities and equipment, social welfare services, and ancillary facilities to analyze related literature on public housing in the United States, Japan and our country, and summarize them.
2.Case investigation and analysis: Analyze important social housing cases of public housing in the United States, Japan, and our country, supplemented by comparison of social housing cases in European countries, and, through on-site visits, focus on the features of the "Facilities, Equipment, and Social Welfare Services Assistance Projects" and " Compulsory Auxiliary Facilities Project and Scale" of social housing in our country.
3.Expert interviews: Discuss relevant laws and regulations and propose relevant recommendation for the "Facilities, Equipment, and Social Welfare Services Assistance Projects" and " Compulsory Auxiliary Facilities Project and Scale" of social housing in our country through in-depth interviews with the Construction and Planning Agency of the Ministry, National Housing and Urban Regeneration Center, and non-governmental organizations.
B.Research steps
Step 1:Collection of laws and documents related to social housing at home and abroad.
Step 2:Analysis of laws and regulations related to “Facilities, Equipment, and Social Welfare Service Assistance Projects” and "Compulsory Auxiliary Facilities Project and Scale" for public housing in the United States, Japan, and our country.
Step 3:Case analysis and on-site investigation of public housing in the United States, Japan, and our country.
Step 4:Conduct expert interviews.
Step 5:Put forward relevant suggestions for “Facilities, Equipment, and Social Welfare Service Assistance Projects” and "Compulsory Auxiliary Facilities Project and Scale" in our country's social housing.
3.Important findings
A.Analysis of the facilities, equipment, and social welfare service assistance projects and the characteristics of compulsory auxiliary facilities of social housing in our country
1.The "Housing Law" of our country is the parent law for social housing and the "Provisions on Facilities, Equipment, and Social Welfare Service Assistance Projects" have put forward what content should be provided for living room, dining room, bedroom and other facilities and equipment. The "Compulsory Auxiliary Facilities Project and Scale" has proposed ancillary facilities projects, space requirements, and funding methods, and the "Social Housing Planning, Design, Construction, and Operation Management Manual" has put forward suggestions for the needs of social welfare public services. This study found that our country’s social housing ancillary facilities are diverse, and should comply with accessible environment regulations.
2.In order to smoothly implement the social housing policy, the local government has formulated the principles of social housing base installation service facilities, management guidelines for the community operation, and precautions at the planning and design stage.
3.According to the case analysis of social housing in my country, the diversity of facilities and equipment, social welfare service assistance, and necessary ancillary facilities is available, however, after on-site case investigations and expert interviews, it was found that there were facilities and equipment, social welfare service assistance, and necessary ancillary facilities not in line with actual needs, which still need to be improved.
B.Analysis of the characteristics of facilities, equipment, and compulsory auxiliary facilities in the U.S. Public Housing Act
1.The public housing policy in the United States mainly adopts a “Housing Choice Voucher Program”. Due to different national conditions, such law does not specify the contents of "Facilities, Equipment, and Social Welfare Service Assistance Projects" and "Compulsory Auxiliary Facilities Project and Scale", yet, its provision of accessible environment protection can be used as a reference for our country.
2.Compared with the public housing policy in the United States, neither does Europe have such clear content, but the Intergenerational Cohousing Program of French social housing, the Diversified Housing Scheme developed by Dutch social housing, and the German Housing Cooperative Project are all innovative and worthy of reference for the future of our country.
3.From the social housing cases in European and American countries, it is found that they attach importance to the removal of the label image of poverty through architectural design. These designs have experimental and sustainable ecology thinking that integrates community care into the space.
C.Analysis of the characteristics of facilities and compulsory ancillary facilities and equipment in the “Japanese Public Housing Act”
1.Japan's public housing policy is mainly provided to low-income families, and the management units are local governments and consortia.
2.The “Japanese Public Housing Act” stipulates the general rules for public housing, construction land standards, housing standards, and common facilities standards. The shared and dedicated parts of the residence must meet accessible design standards, and the relevant laws and regulations are quite complete.
3.From the case of Japanese public housing, it can be found that the public-operated housing usually considers universal design and care for the elderly along with diversity.
D.Suggestions on the “Social Housing Act” of our country
1.Regarding the "Regulations on Social Housing Facilities, Equipment, and Social Welfare Services Assistance Projects", this research suggests that the needs of the physically and mentally disabled and the elderly should be considered, and related facilities and equipment should also be installed.
2.Regarding the "Compulsory Auxiliary Facilities Project and Scale of Social Housing", the amendment proposed by this research is that before planning and design of additional social housing, the relevant bureaus of the local municipality, county (city) government should consult with relevant bureaus and offices about which ancillary facilities are to be installed, along with the consideration of the cost to be borne by the households, and if there are related ancillary facilities around the social housing, it may not be mandatory to install them.
3.As the super-aged society will be reached in 2025, this research suggests that the Construction and Planning Agency of this Ministry can include the "Design Criteria for Compulsory Auxiliary Facilities for the Elderly and the Disabled in Social Housing" (draft) into the “Reference Manual for Planning, Design, Construction, and Operation Management of Social Housing” to local governments for reference.
E.Recommendations and countermeasures
Recommendation 1: In the future, the results of this research should be included in the "The Regulation of Reference Manual for Planning, Design, Construction, and Operation Management of Social Housing" and "The Regulation of Compulsory Auxiliary Facilities Project and Scale". Immediately feasible recommendations.
Organizer: Construction Agency, Ministry of the Interior
Co-organizer: Architecture and Building Research Institute, MOI
By referring to relevant domestic and foreign social housing analysis and expert interviews, this research draws up amendments for "Regulations of Facilities, Equipment and Social Welfare Service Assistance Projects" and "Regulations of Compulsory Auxiliary Facilities Project and Scale" which can be incorporated for reference in the future.
Recommendation 2: The "Design Criteria for Compulsory Auxiliary Facilities for the Elderly and the Disabled in Social Housing" (draft) is drawn up based on the results of this research, which can provide reference for the implementation of social housing policies by the municipal and county (city) governments and national housing and urban regeneration center: medium and long-term recommendation
Organizer: Construction Agency, Ministry of the Interior
Co-organizer: Architecture and Building Research Institute, MOI
The "Design Criteria for Compulsory Auxiliary Facilities for the Elderly and the Disabled in Social Housing" (draft) drawn up based on research of relevant policies, case studies, and expert interviews, can serve as a reference to local governments in the future to implement social housing policies and install ancillary facilities.
Recommendation 3: The comparison of research cases and laws on the Improvement of accessible facilities in existing public buildings in the United States, Japan, and our country conducted by this study can be included in the “Teaching materials of survey staff training for review of accessible facilities set up in buildings” in the future and serve as a reference for use by local governments, industries and the public.
Organizer: Construction and Planning Agency, Ministry of the Interior
Co-organizer: Architecture and Building Research Institute, Ministry of the Interior
Respond to the advent of the elderly society where the number of the elderly and the physically and mentally disabled have increased rapidly, the case study and the existing public building accessible facilities improvement laws in the United States, Japan, and our country conducted by this research could be included in the “Training materials for building inspection personnel of accessible facilities and equipment” and used by local governments, industries and the public.