中華民國內政部建築研究所中華民國內政部建築研究所

一、研究緣起：
臺灣地狹人稠，為增加國人居住或可利用空間，與過往建築物型態相比已大幅改變其建築型態，隨著建築物隔間或小區劃格局的情形越來越多，使得內部格局空間較小的場所(例如：長照機構、醫療院所、住宅、旅館等)火災事故不時發生。若要對小區劃空間增設水自動滅火系統，勢必須以小水量或簡易型等系統設備方能在設計面與經濟面達到平衡。然而小水量自動撒水設備(水道連結型、小區劃型自動撒水設備)在其放水量低於一般自動型撒水頭的同時，是否仍能如預期條件進行撒水並達標稱放水、滅火效能的要求，亦為設置過程需謹慎評估的重要問題。
依據國內107年10月17日修正《各類場所消防安全設備設置標準》第 46 條提及小區劃型撒水頭設置場所可用於第12條第1款第 3 目、第6目、第2款第7目、第5款第1目等場所居室、病房及其他類似處所，顯見目前可採用『小區劃型自動撒水設備』設置的建築場所極為眾多，且《水道連結型自動撒水設備設置基準》規定其撒水頭放水量應在30L/min 以上，故本研究團隊亦將水道連結型撒水頭納入小水量撒水頭所屬範圍之內。
防止火災延燒擴大的手法，普遍可分為「滅火」、「延遲」、「局部控制」等三種方式，滅火意即利用滅火設備於火災初期進行撲滅或抑制，其中以水滅火系統最為常見【1】。一般建築物局部火災大多僅啟動一顆或相鄰火源的數顆撒水頭進行火勢抑制，因而對於撒水頭設置距離、分佈及撒水量等性能參數皆應深入考量其相輔間的影響。
水滅火系統為經濟且可靠的滅火設備，自英國Colonel Willian Congreve（1812年）發展迄今已逾200 多年，撒水過程不僅能吸收火場熱量，亦可預先淋濕可燃物以控制或撲滅火勢，於火場扮演著重要角色且其設置成本較其他固定式滅火系統低廉【2】。我國密閉式撒水頭依據《密閉式撒水頭認可基準修正規定》僅進行包含強度、動作測試與撒水分佈…等試驗，相比於中國或美國的撒水頭試驗項目，缺少可用來評估滅火效能或作為實際使用表現評估的試驗項目。綜合目前我國現況，若僅針對撒水頭進行強度、動作測試與撒水分布試驗，恐無法確保撒水頭具備足夠的滅火效果。
本研究為釐清小水量滅火設備的滅火效果並達量化效果，將參考【ISO 6182-10 Fire protection Automatic sprinkler systems Part 10: Requirements and test methods for domestic sprinklers】之試驗條件、步驟內容、試驗基準進行研究。以目前現有市售的水道連結型撒水頭及小區劃型撒水頭作為測試標的物進行試驗，判斷在其標準試驗空間與規定條件下，撒水頭放水前後效果並針對測試環境、設備及測試技術等應注意事項進行彙整。
其實驗結果可作為我國後續若欲建立小水量撒水頭滅火效能標準測試法之參考，並可讓消防設備師更加清楚瞭解所裝設的撒水頭滅火性能是否滿足滅火需求，或有微調撒水頭密度或設置的潛在需求，亦能作為裝設小水量自動撒水設備場所(例如：旅館、低層住宅空間、小型安養機構、醫院小型空間、低層部小型商業空間)及其他建築業主欲加強建築物防火安全而自主增設小水量自動撒水設備的重要參考指標。
二、研究方法與過程：
我國《密閉式撒水頭認可基準修正規定》所規定的試驗項目有耐洩漏、環境溫度、衝擊、裝配載重、框架永久變形量、易熔元件之強度、玻璃球之強度、釋放機構之強度、振動、水鎚、腐蝕、動作、感度熱氣流感應、放水量…等。與其他各國撒水頭試驗項目之最大差異，主要在於我國與日本僅進行撒水分布試驗，而美國與中國除撒水分布試驗外，還針對撒水頭進行燃燒試驗。燃燒試驗主要為驗證相同燃燒物的情況下，不同撒水頭之滅火效果。本研究團隊將參考國外撒水頭燃燒試驗相關規範及標準，進行文獻蒐集與比較分析，提供未來國內設置相關測試基準之參考依據。
計畫實施上，本年度將分成三大部份進行研究，首先第一部分為針對國外住宿場所用消防撒水頭(domestic sprinklers)滅火效能之評估測試規範及標準蒐集與比較；第二部分為建立我國水道連結型撒水頭及小區劃型撒水頭滅火效能實驗規劃及測試方法評估，並於雲林科技大學實驗場參考國外規範進行燃燒試驗之實驗設計，以現有市售的水道連結型撒水頭及小區劃型撒水頭作為標的物進行滅火性能測試；第三部分則提出我國對於水道連結型撒水頭及小區劃型撒水頭滅火效能之標準評估測試法之建議與參考。
三、重要發現：
1.綜合目前我國現況，若僅針對撒水頭進行強度、動作測試與撒水分布試驗，恐無法確保撒水頭具備足夠的滅火效果，尤其針對放水量小於80公升/分鐘的小水量撒水頭(例如：水道連結型撒水頭、小區劃型撒水頭)，是否滿足標稱滅火效能更加無法直觀判斷。本研究採用四款小水量撒水頭進行試驗，依據研究結果提出我國水道連結型撒水頭及小區劃型撒水頭滅火效能標準實驗法及評估基準建議。
2.針對【ISO6182-10】之國外住宿場所用消防撒水頭滅火效能評估測試規範進行燃燒試驗內容彙整並按其規定搭建符合試驗要求的試驗空間進行試驗，綜合本研究實驗結果，總結如下：
(1)燃燒試驗過程與真實火災情境較為相似，試驗流程為通過燃燒木堆作為火載量；燃燒產生的熱煙流激發撒水頭作動撒水。基於上述試驗原理，如何控制試驗初期火源燃燒至撒水頭啟動的熱昇溫曲線尤為重要。彙整本研究共計八次的實驗結果發現，試驗開始一分鐘的熱昇溫斜率皆在0.822～1.054(℃/sec)之間，即可間接說明本研究之試驗初始燃燒現象穩定，且符合實驗之再現性要求。
(2)本研究採用四款撒水頭並各自進行二次試驗，經彙整八次實驗結果發現，八次實驗結果皆符合ISO6182-10對於試驗溫度限制的規定。同時分析各實驗撒水頭啟動時間發現，前三款撒水頭標稱動作溫度皆為72℃，對照實驗結果發現其三款撒水頭啟動時間落在1分15秒至1分32秒之間；而第四款撒水頭(VK430)標稱動作溫度為68℃，撒水頭啟動時間為1分07秒至1分12秒之間，其啟動時間快於72℃撒水頭，此現象符合實際情況。
3.彙集上述實驗結果，本研究提出我國水道連結型撒水頭及小區劃型撒水頭等小水量滅火效能實驗方法及評估基準建議參考。
四、主要建議事項：
建議ㄧ
立即可行之建議：建立撒水頭滅火性能試驗方法
主辦機關：內政部消防署、經濟部標準檢驗局
協辦機關：內政部建築研究所
本研究針對【ISO6182-10】之撒水頭燃燒試驗規範及燃燒試驗內容進行文獻分析，同時參照該規範搭建符合試驗規範之試驗空間場所，並選用小水量撒水頭進行數次全尺寸實驗。建議後續研究機構可參考本研究成果與試驗流程應注意事項，作為未來我國設立撒水頭滅火性能試驗之參考。
建議二
立即可行之建議：將不同撒水半徑、放水量、型式之撒水頭納入燃燒試驗規劃並從中優化試驗流程
主辦機關：內政部建築研究所
協辦機關：財團法人消防安全中心基金會、財團法人中華民國消防技術顧問基金會
本研究主要以小水量且向下型之撒水頭作為試驗對象，但市面上仍有數種型式、放水量、撒水半徑不同的撒水頭，若要完善燃燒試驗的試驗流程，應將各式撒水頭皆納入試驗規劃，並從試驗結果修改或補充試驗流程。建議後續研究可優先將撒水半徑與放水量不同的撒水頭納入試驗規劃。

1、Research origins：
Taiwan’s land is narrow and densely populated. In order to increase the living or available space for the people, its architectural style has been greatly changed compared with the previous building styles. Fire accidents occur from time to time in places with small layout space. (for example: long-term care institutions, medical institutions, residences, hotels, etc.) If you want to add a water automatic fire extinguishing system to the area of the compartment, it is necessary to use small water or simple system equipment to achieve a balance between the design side and the economic side. However, whether the small water automatic sprinkler equipment (waterway connection type, community zone type automatic sprinkler equipment) can still sprinkle water as expected and meet the requirements of the nominal water discharge and fire extinguishing efficiency while its discharge volume is lower than the general automatic sprinkler head. It is also an important issue that needs to be carefully evaluated during the setup process.
According to Article 46 of the "Standards for Fire Safety Equipment Installation in Various Places" amended on October 17, 107 in Taiwan, it is mentioned that the establishment of community-type sprinklers can be used in Article 12, paragraph 1, item 3, item 6, and paragraph 2. Items 7 and Item 5, Item 1 and other places, rooms, wards, and other similar places, it is obvious that there are a lot of construction sites that can be set up with "compartment type automatic sprinkler equipment", and "Waterway-linked automatic sprinkler equipment installation standards" It is stipulated that the discharge amount of the sprinkler head should be more than 30L/min, so the research team also included the channel-linked sprinkler head into the scope of the small water sprinkler head.
The methods to prevent the spread of fire can be generally divided into three methods: "extinguishing", "delayed", and "local control". Extinguishing means using fire extinguishing equipment to extinguish or suppress the fire at the initial stage. Among them, water extinguishing systems are the most common [1]. Generally, local fires in buildings usually only activate one or several sprinklers of adjacent fire sources to suppress the fire. Therefore, the performance parameters such as the setting distance, distribution and sprinkling amount of sprinklers should be thoroughly considered for their complementary effects.
The water fire extinguishing system is an economical and reliable fire extinguishing equipment. It has been developed for more than 200 years since Colonel Willian Congreve (1812) in the United Kingdom. The fire field plays an important role and its installation cost is lower than other fixed fire extinguishing systems [2]. According to the "Closed Sprinkler Approval Standard Amendment Regulations", my country's closed sprinklers only carry out tests including strength, action tests and sprinkler distribution. Compared with the sprinkler test projects in Taiwan or the United States, it lacks the ability to evaluate fire-fighting effectiveness or performance. Test items for actual use performance evaluation. Based on the current situation in our country, if only the strength, action test and sprinkler distribution test are conducted for the sprinkler, it may not be possible to ensure that the sprinkler has sufficient fire extinguishing effect.
In order to clarify the fire extinguishing effect of small water fire extinguishing equipment and achieve quantitative results, this research will refer to the test conditions, procedures and test standards of [ISO 6182-10 Fire protection Automatic sprinkler systems Part 10: Requirements and test methods for domestic sprinklers] . Use the existing commercially available waterway-linked sprinklers and compartment type sprinklers as the test objects to test, determine the effect of the sprinkler before and after discharge under the standard test space and specified conditions, and target the test environment, equipment, and test technology. Matters should be noted for compilation.
The experimental results can be used as a reference for the subsequent establishment of a small water sprinkler fire extinguishing efficiency standard test method in our country, and can allow fire-fighting equipment engineers to know more clearly whether the installed sprinkler fire extinguishing performance meets the fire extinguishing needs, or fine-tune the sprinkler density. The potential demand for installation can also be used as a place for installing small water automatic sprinkler equipment (for example: hotels, low-rise residential spaces, small nursing institutions, small hospital spaces, low-rise small commercial spaces) and other building owners who want to strengthen the fire protection of buildings. It is an important reference index for the safe and autonomous addition of small water automatic sprinkler equipment.
2、Research method and process：
The test items specified in my country's "Closed Sprinkler Approval Standard Amendment Regulations" include leakage resistance, ambient temperature, impact, assembly load, permanent deformation of the frame, the strength of fusible components, the strength of the glass ball, the strength of the release mechanism, and the vibration, water hammer, corrosion, motion, sensitivity, hot air flow induction, water discharge... etc. The biggest difference from other countries' sprinkler head test projects is that my country and Japan only conduct sprinkler distribution tests, while the United States and China also conduct combustion tests on sprinkler heads in addition to sprinkler distribution tests. The combustion test is mainly to verify the fire extinguishing effect of different sprinklers under the same combustion. The research team will refer to the relevant specifications and standards of foreign sprinkler combustion tests, conduct literature collection and comparative analysis, and provide a reference basis for setting relevant test standards in the future.
In terms of the implementation of the plan, this year will be divided into three parts for research. First, the first part is the collection and comparison of evaluation, test specifications and standards for the fire extinguishing effectiveness of domestic sprinklers used in foreign accommodations; the second part is the establishment of our country waterway-linked sprinklers and community zone-type sprinklers fire extinguishing efficiency test planning and test method evaluation, and in the Yunlin University of Science and Technology experimental site reference foreign standards for the combustion test experimental design, using existing commercially available waterway-linked sprinklers and residential zone-type sprinklers are used as the subject to test fire extinguishing performance; the third part puts forward the recommendations and references of standard evaluation and test methods for waterway-linked sprinklers and zone-type sprinklers for fire extinguishing performance.
3、Important findings：
1.Based on the current situation in our country, if only the strength, action test and water distribution test are conducted for the sprinkler, it may not be able to ensure that the sprinkler has sufficient fire extinguishing effect, especially for the small water sprinkler with a discharge volume of less than 80 liters/min (for example: Waterway connection type sprinklers, community zone type sprinklers), whether it meets the nominal fire extinguishing efficiency is even more difficult to intuitively judge. In this study, four small-volume sprinklers were used for testing. Based on the research results, the fire-fighting efficiency standard test method and evaluation benchmark recommendations for waterway-linked sprinklers and community-type sprinklers in my country are proposed.
2.According to the [ISO6182-10] standards for evaluating the effectiveness of fire-fighting sprinklers in foreign accommo-dations, the content of the combustion test was compiled and a test space meeting the test requirements was set up for the test. Based on the experimental results of this research, the results are summarized as follows:
(1)The combustion test process is similar to the real fire situation. The test process is to use the burning wood pile as the fire load; the hot smoke generated by the combustion stimulates the sprinkler head to actuate the sprinkler. Based on the above-mentioned test principles, how to control the thermal heating curve from the ignition of the fire source at the beginning of the test to the start of the sprinkler is particularly important. Collecting the results of a total of eight experiments in this study, it is found that the thermal ramp rate of one minute at the beginning of the experiment is between 0.8 and 1.0 (℃/sec), which can indirectly indicate that the initial combustion phenomenon of the experiment in this study is stable and conforms to the reproduction of the experiment. Sexual requirements.
(2)In this study, four sprinklers were used and the two tests were carried out separately. After collecting the results of the eight experiments, it was found that the results of the eight experiments all met the requirements of ISO6182-10 for the test temperature limit. Simultaneously analyzing the start-up time of the sprinklers in each experiment, it is found that the nominal operating temperature of the first three sprinklers is 72°C, and the comparison experiment results show that the start-up time of the three sprinklers falls between 1 minute 15 seconds and 1 minute 32 seconds; and The nominal operating temperature of the fourth sprinkler (VK430) is 68°C, and the start-up time of the sprinkler is between 1 minute and 07 seconds to 1 minute and 12 seconds, and its start-up time is faster than the 72°C sprinkler. This phenomenon is in line with the actual situation.
(3)Collecting the above-mentioned experimental results, this study puts forward the experimental methods and evaluation criteria for the fire-fighting effectiveness of small water such as waterway-connected sprinklers and community-type sprinklers in our country.
4、Main recommendations：
Suggestion 1:
Immediately feasible proposal: establish a test method for sprinkler fire extinguishing performance.
Organizers: Fire Department, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Bureau of Standards, Inspection and Quarantine, Ministry of Economic Affairs
Co-organizer: Institute of Architecture, Ministry of Interior
In this study, literature analysis was conducted on the [ISO6182-10] sprinkler combustion test specification and combustion test content. At the same time, a test space meeting the test specifications was established with reference to the specification, and a small water sprinkler was selected for several full-scale experiments. It is suggested that follow-up research institutions can refer to the results of this research and the precautions of the test process as a reference for the future establishment of sprinkler fire extinguishing performance tests in my country.
Suggestion 2
Immediately feasible suggestions: Incorporate different sprinkling radius, discharge amount, and type of sprinkler head into the combustion test plan and optimize the test process from it
Organizer: Institute of Architecture, Ministry of Interior
Co-organizer: Fire Safety Center Foundation, Taiwan Fire Technology Foundation
This research mainly uses a small-volume and downward-type sprinkler as the test object. However, there are still several sprinklers with different types, water discharge amounts, and sprinkler radii. All are included in the test plan, and the test process is modified or supplemented from the test results. It is suggested that follow-up studies may prioritize the inclusion of sprinkler heads with different sprinkling radius and discharge amount into the experimental plan.