中華民國內政部建築研究所中華民國內政部建築研究所

一、研究緣起
2003年SARS(severe acute respiratory syndrome, SARS)與2019年嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎(Coronavirus disease 2019, COVID- 19)讓全球受到顯著的衝擊影響，從全球國際政策與策略顯示，國際趨勢已將建築與社區作為因應疫情衝擊與後疫情環境改變之政策與措施目標。我國在「建築防疫」部分，無論在觀念、法令、規範以及實質作為，相對而言仍相當欠缺與薄弱。面對COIVD-19疫情的肆虐、衝擊以及可能的再度反撲，該如何因應及研擬對策是一項刻不容緩的課題，更值得我們深思。本研究「建築環境健康與防疫措施之可行性研究」以「公共衛生」防疫觀點檢視目前國內在建築物設計相關制度及規範中是否足夠，是否有需要因COVID-19防疫經驗而檢討修法之空間？本研究之目的在於國際對COVID-19疫情衝擊下建築政策與因應策略，藉由彙整國際最新「健康建築指標、規範與標章」及「防疫建築」等資料，期能符合國際健康建築要求，因應市場脈動。爰此，本研究透過國際因應健康與防疫的建築政策與策略進行研究分析，提出建築物因應健康與防疫措施之對策項目。
二、研究方法及過程
本研究藉由蒐集COVID-19傳染途徑及國際上相關政府機關及產業界為疫情期間空調和通風系統的管理提供的建議和參考，例如:建築物空調和通風系統操作和維護指南，擬出我國可借鏡之防疫措施，過程中亦同步檢視健康建築標準及智慧建築認證系統，及國內外相關健康建築認證指標等，將眾多相關認證指標中關於防疫措施之相關內容歸納整併，藉由「文獻分析法」、「訪談法」、「專家問卷法」等方式，調合建築標章制度(例如：綠建築標章、智慧建築標章、綠建材標章..等)，期能符合國際健康建築要求，因應市場脈動。最後擬定與國際脈絡接軌之可行性內容，隨著綠建築與綠建材標章技術之成熟，加上對居住健康的品質要求，為達到改善環境與提升使用者健康與福祉之目的，使制度與標章更有依據與方向，欲建立可導入綠建築標章與綠建材標章之操作評估模式或評估後需升級為EEWH防疫版，經由相關研究方法之價值相互搭配共同使用，取得專家共識及獲得不同的建議做為決策方向之考量，並擬訂項目之基礎與後續理論發展之架構，提供政府政策工具擬定之參考。
三、重要發現
本研究彙整SARS-CoV-2傳播途徑後發現，空氣途徑和通風系統的不良使用是不可忽視的因素。全球各種與HVAC有關的組織都發佈了因應冠狀病毒（COVID-19）的準則。但到目前為止，對SARS-CoV-2的傳播途徑和特徵的認識還不完整，這些準則也在不斷更新。回顧和比較不同準則的因應對策，對國內綠建築標章及準則日後的更新有很大的幫助，並有助於迅速因應疫情，展開與SARS-CoV-2有關的進一步研究。各國具體防疫措施包括: (1)HVAC系統的運作:各國都強調提高室外空氣比例和通風的重要性。建議通風系統應在室內空間使用前先運作，且應持續長時間地運作。此外，CO2濃度應建議控制在800 ppm，或減少以CO2濃度操作通風設定點。疫情期間不使用中央再(內)循環，以避免單純室內空氣回流而引起病毒的傳播，而當疑似患者在室內時，應停止所有對流設備，包括空氣送風機。(2) 參考WHO或ASHARE指引制定不同場域最低要求通風量。(3)空氣清淨機的運作: 建議將空調系統中的濾網級別提高至HEPA(醫療) 或MERV-14濾網可以有效地控制病毒的傳播。(4)評估在機械通風路徑或上層應用中安裝紫外線殺菌輻射(UVGI)，以經由對流空氣運動間接處理空氣。(5)區域間壓力差: 為確保氣流從潔淨區域流向低潔淨區，排氣系統應保持運作，外窗應關閉，以確保廁所中是維持負壓，廚房應該保持輕微的正壓。(6)定期檢查、維護、清潔和操作HVAC系統(如: HEPA過濾器、分離式空調和風機盤管裝置)。(7)衛浴間: 將浴廁間所有橫支管，都配置在該層樓板上床板下之空間內（即同層排水）。此外，存水彎要定期加水，以免地板和其他衛生設備的水封變乾。最後，在馬桶沖水時蓋上馬桶蓋。(8)設計智慧門鎖，利用物聯網技術（RFIDs/keyfob 感應扣）類型非接觸式技術減少人員接觸機會，如免接觸門鎖/免觸摸旋轉門。
四、主要建議事項
本研究經由比照國內外文獻彙整情形及專家面談及座談會意見後提供以下建議包括:
1.本研究已擬定綠建築指標防疫編EEWH-AE (Anti-Epidemic)條文，針對新建公共空間或集合住宅可行性措施，除新風量需後續進行不同場所實場驗證，其餘設施皆具可行性，然實施時機為中央流行疫情指揮中心宣布疫情警戒標準為2級以上時，以減少平時防疫措施擱置或新風量提高時造成的能耗。
2.防疫建築策略優先可以「通則」為主要探討的方向，再考量不同的場所類別來做延伸，且可以聚焦在易群聚且高風險的場所。
3.防疫措施眾多，可優先以新風換氣進行探討，惟目前國內相關法規並未制訂新風量標準，後續建議針對不同場所疫情期間實施新風之可行性，包括其副作用及相關配套措施，如:它會改變正負壓及污染物流動方向、進排氣口位置選擇、噪音震動等進行深入研究，並搭配智能操作概念，已達節能及降低空調能耗之需求。
4.針對疫情來時不同場域新風量制定不同分級標準，例如特殊場所，如:醫院、防疫旅館應該能完全符合1-3級之需求，但公共場所如健身房、圖書館須滿足2級需求、家戶至少滿足1級等。
5.後疫情時代，對既有建築該怎麼做，短期可設計檢核表讓民眾或管理者了解自己家中是否適合隔離，或者需要去防疫旅館，長期方面再提升健康或防疫功能促進的相關建築設計著手，可有實質的助益。
6.應考量未來不同病毒(如變種病毒Omicron)的傳播機制及因應防疫措來滾動式探討，不應只針對現有COVID-19疫情來做，以落實防疫健康綠建築。
7.後續建議進行具代表性建築防疫問卷調查，包括管理者與使用者之防疫識能差異、如何增進不同對象之識能。及藉由專業設計者尋求相關防疫諮詢。
本案另外提出兩立即可行建議供作參考:
建議一、綠建築指標防疫編EEWH-AE(Anti-Epidemic)增修訂條文之修正與使用：立即可行建議
主辦機關：內政部建築研究所
協辦機關：財團法人台灣建築中心
持續邀集內政部建築研究所、評定專業機構、評定小組成員、產業代表等討論研議目前修訂條文是否需進一步評估可行性，並以不同類別建築作為探討，以確保增加之防疫篇評估指標能維持標章原有性能與效益，並可搭配綠建築標章追蹤查核作業，共同建立完整綠建築標章防疫篇簡化評定機制，確保原綠建築標章品質。
建議二、積極擴大宣傳綠建築指標防疫編相關內容：立即可行建議
主辦機關：內政部建築研究所
協辦機關：財團法人台灣建築中心
針對本案研擬出之防疫措施或指標，後續以製作教材或舉辦說明會方式廣邀相關業者，使其獲得相關資訊，提升業者建築防疫識能，並由評定專業機構或第三方積極協助相關防疫指標申請或認定作業讓防疫指標申請者認同其使用效益。

I.The Origin of Research
The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2003 and the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in 2019 dramatically affected public health, food systems, and the world of work. In various international policies and strategy proposals, architecture and community design have served as targets of the measures implemented in response to the effects of the pandemic and changes in the postpandemic environment. However, a coherent and clearly articulated strategy for implementing architectural approaches to pandemic prevention, in terms of concepts, laws, regulations, and substantive actions, has yet to be developed. In the face of the devastating effects and possible resurgence of the COVID-19 pandemic, determining how to respond and develop countermeasures to outbreaks is an urgent concern that deserves thorough consideration. In this paper, we examine whether the current domestic systems and regulations related to building design are adequate from the perspective of public health and whether review and revision of the law is necessary in response to experience with COVID-19 prevention measures.
The objective of this study was to review international architecture policies and response strategies to the COVID-19 pandemic. We compiled the latest international building health indicators, specifications, and certifications as well as information on architectural approaches to pandemic prevention, and we conducted research on and analysis of international building policies and strategies for public health and COVID-19 prevention. In this paper, we also propose additional measures for implementation.
II.Research Methods
In this study, we compiled suggestions provided and measures implemented by relevant international government agencies and industries for the management of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems during the COVID-19 pandemic, including operation and maintenance guidelines for such systems. In the review process, we also collected building health indicators, smart building certification criteria, and related healthy building certification standards developed in Taiwan and abroad as parts of COVID-19 prevention and control strategies. We employed document analysis, administered a questionnaire survey to a sample of experts, and conducted interviews and discussion forums with an expert advisory committee. Finally, we compared and coordinated our findings and suggestions with Taiwan building standard systems (e.g., green building, smart building, and green building material certification standards) and international standards, including international healthy building certification criteria. 
To improve the environment and promote the health and well-being of users, an operational evaluation model that can integrate green building and green building material certification standards must be established. Furthermore, Taiwan’s EEWH green building certification system must be updated to incorporate antipandemic measures. By accounting for different guidelines, suggestions, and pandemic prevention measures being implemented by governments and agencies worldwide, we formulated the basis of the present study and developed a framework for subsequent theoretical developments that may serve as a reference for the formulation of government policy.
III.Research results
We initially investigated the transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 and determined that insufficient and improper use of airflow routes and ventilation systems are influential factors that must be addressed.To date, the understanding of the transmission routes and characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 remains incomplete, and pandemic prevention guidelines are being continually updated.Reviewing and comparing the countermeasures employed in different standards may inform future updates of these standards and encouragerapid responses to pandemic outbreaks, the implementation of reasonable and appropriate countermeasures, and further research related to SARS-CoV-2. The specific COVID-19 prevention measures implemented in various countries include the following:(1) Operate HVAC systems effectively: Numerous countries’ guidelines emphasize the importance of increasing ventilation and the proportion of outdoor air. For example, the ventilation system should be activated for some time before the indoor space is used, and the CO2 concentration should be limited to≤800 ppm or the operating settingsof the HVAC system should be changed to obtain a lower CO2 concentration. Moreover, central circulation shouldbe avoided to prevent the spread of the virus caused by the pure return of indoor air, andwhen asuspected patient is indoors, all convection equipment, including air blowers, should be stopped. (2) Refer to the World Health Organization (WHO) or American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) guidelines to establish minimum ventilation requirements for different areas. (3) Upgrade filters in air conditioning systems to high-efficiency particulate air or control the spread of the virus.(4) Evaluate the installation of ultraviolet germicidal radiation (UVGI) in mechanical ventilation paths or upper applications to indirectly treat air through convective air movement.(5) Induce a pressure difference between different areas and ensure that air flows from clean areas to unclean areas. The exhaust system should operate continuously, the external windows should be closed to ensure that negative pressure is maintained in restrooms and slightly positive pressure is maintained in the kitchen.(6)Regularly inspect, maintain, clean, and operate the HVAC system (such as the HEPA filter and different air conditioner and fan coil units).(7) Employ effective bathroom design: all floor drains should be located in the same bathroom. The storage bay should be filled with water regularly to prevent the water seal of the floor and other sanitary equipment from drying out. The lid should be closed when flushing the toilet.(8) Design smart door locks and use Internet of Things technology (e.g., radio-frequency identification and keyfob induction buckles) andcontactless technology (e.g., contactless door locks and automatic revolving doors) to reduce personal contact points.
In this study, we collectedkey COVID-19 prevention standards and guidelines. Several sourcesindicated that increasing the volume of fresh outdoor air can help reduce the indoor spread of COVID-19. On the basis of this information, we conducted a field experiment involving the introduction of fresh air ventilation systems withhigh-efficiency filtration into public buildings (e.g., offices, gymnasiums, and research laboratories) and other public spacesand analyzed the resultant changes in ventilation and air quality index (AQI).
IV.Conclusion
The following suggestions were developed in this study on the basis of a comparison of Taiwanese and international literature, expert interviews, and forum opinions: (1) Research on COVID-19-prevention building strategies should prioritize general rules and strategies and thereafter investigate the application of such strategies in different places. Future studies may account for distinct building types and prioritize places where groups of people tend to congregate and that individuals classified as high-risk might need to visit. (2) Among the COVID-19 prevention measures examined herein, the evaluation of ventilation and the implementation of air conditioning sterilization methods (e.g., UVGI) should be prioritized. (3) The COVID-19 prevention framework can be divided into three dimensions, namely the body shell (green building standards), the space body (lighting, heat, and water), and the human body (medical health). (4) Future research should account for potential pandemic outbreaks caused by different viruses. COVID-19 should not be the sole target of the implementation of pandemic prevention measures and the construction of healthy and green buildings. (5) Distinct research directions should be adopted for the implementation of pandemic prevention measures in old and new buildings. Green building, smart building, green building material, and other certifications must be prioritized in future research. (6) After COVID-19 prevention measures are incorporated into building regulations and a building design process for the incorporation of such measures is further developed, the implementation of these measures in the construction industry must be promoted, and public opinion must be evaluated and considered. (7) The results of this study and future related projects can serve as references for construction managers and architects when implementing architecture-focused COVID-19 prevention measures and performing maintenance at different locations (e.g., general residences and medical sites).