中華民國內政部建築研究所中華民國內政部建築研究所

一、研究緣起
隨著科技技術日新月異，防火防災如何融合運用科技技術減少災損，已是國際防火防災技術未來發展重要趨勢。智慧防火防災科技係建立在以火警探測器、消防控制器，以及可燃氣體探測器等信息採集設備的基礎上，結合物聯網建置與大數據分析，並採用科技救災，以及災後分析與重建，達到智慧防火防災的效益。而隨著科學技術的發展，越來越多的新技術元素導入防火防災應用。為了達到「警報早、資訊全、配備良、損失小」，如何能及時且有效地了解火災現場資訊、消防救災裝置有效性是「智慧消防」的主要智慧體現。此外，為強化消防救災能力，提高救災資訊即時掌握效率及增進消防人員救災安全，國內消防機關近年來與民間企業合作採用無線通訊、火警監測，以及人員定位追蹤等技術，發展各式消防指揮、管制、即時影像傳輸，以及消防機器人(履帶式)等裝備器材，協助特殊場域(如鐵皮工廠)火災滅火，減少人員傷亡財物損失。雖然已有部分新科技技術的導入，但仍然有許多可以再擴展應用及精進之處。
本計畫透過蒐集國內外智慧防火防災科技關鍵技術現況與未來發展資訊，歸納整理我國發展目標、效益及可達成之實施機制與落實途徑，就以下領域，包括：(1)資訊整合消防運用；(2)火災情資感知偵蒐；(3) AI消防機器人/無人機；(4)消防戰力AI升級；(5)消防員穿戴式生理監測及預警通知；(6)廣域人員避難智慧引導系統；(7)智慧型早期火災預警系統；(8)耐高溫材料研發，系統化研擬規劃出研究發展課題，做為消防救災之重要資訊平台，並與決策系統整合，望可具體落實於實際防火、救災以及災後相關應用。
本計畫之成果如下：
(一)完成內外智慧防火防災科技產業關鍵技術現況、應用現況以及未來發展規劃相關資料蒐集與分析；
(二)完成專家、學者與廠商訪談以及座談會舉辦，瞭解國內智慧防火防災科技發展與場域應用之現況，包括技術缺口、場域擴散應用，以及法規補強等領域，做為研究發展課題之基礎；
(三)完成系統性建構建築物導入智慧防火防災科技應用架構，以及火災各期程重要之智慧防火防災科技關鍵技術評估；
(四)基於研發整合(Proof of Concept, PoC)與應用場域(Proof of Service, PoS)，以及雛型產品商轉須進行驗證(Proof of Business, PoB)，草擬智慧防火防災科技關鍵技術及應用規劃策略中長期大綱，從關鍵技術開發與精進、實驗室場域測試驗證，到實際場域測試驗證，規劃4年期12項執行課題方案，說明研究內容、預期成果、經費與研究人力需求。
二、研究發現
計畫執行期間為111年1月27日至111年12月31日止，計畫進度與目標皆依進度目標達成 (請見第6頁評估基準)。而本計畫研究成果與結論如下︰
(一)研議我國智慧防火防災科技發展目標、效益及可達成之實施機制與落實途徑：
1.國內外智慧防火防災科技因發展目的擬定策略有所不同，而關鍵技術研發與應用案例，主要分別以系統平台、分析與模擬技術、機器人/無人機，以及消防員人員安全為主要研究內容 (請閱第二、三章)；
2.並透過與相關專家、學者以及消防業者進行訪談，瞭解智慧防火防災科技之應用可能會面臨三大問題，影響防火防災科技導入火災防控應用之困難。 (第三章 第一節 「專家、學者與廠商訪談意見」)；
3.因此，台灣應朝向整合建築防火安全設計與工程技術及其應用發展，以遠端監控、信息共享，與教育訓練為執行目的，以實現遠距離的遠端監控、遠端發佈指令等操作，以便能夠針對火災現場實況進行動態跟蹤和調查等，以及實現異常情況的快速有效處理，積極主動地落實不同的防火防災任務。
(二)舉辦專家座談會議3場 (請閱附錄四、五、六)。
分別於5月30日、9月23日以及11月14日共舉辦3場專家座談會，結論如下：
1.針對建築技術規則與各類場所消防安全設備設置標準，透過智慧防火防災科技重新定義說明；
2.應用系統與場域驗證在災害偵蒐與救援極為關鍵，解決資訊隱私權問題，讓災情資訊共享，提高預防、減災與救災效益；
3.相關設備研發與引進導入可行性都很高，但關鍵技術的使用訓練與決策養成是關鍵重點；
4.除預防與救災外，應加強民眾對於火警的意識，才能有效擴散智慧防火防災科技；
5.建議以預防部分先行執行，針對智慧型大樓與公共場所，有特定多數人使用，能夠進行簡單驗證，才有機會持續規劃案的執行。
(三) 基於研發整合與應用場域，以及雛型產品商轉驗證，規劃4年期智慧防火防災科技關鍵技術及應用規劃之策略報告草案1份 (附錄十)。
1.本研究計畫提出「智慧防火防災科技關鍵技術及應用規劃四年期策略報告草案」，依據不同火災階段個設備所需連動之機制，有系統地規劃12項方案，期能達成提升防火與救災安全之目標；
2.基於落實在實際場域擴散終端應用與產品商品化流程，規劃實驗室以及實際場域測試驗證，並輔以策略與法規之研究，輔導廠商自主建立認驗證基準；
3.對於防災系統之整合，規劃由大型公共建築開始再擴及民間建築物，建立防災中心防災設備，提升我國建築安全。
三、研究建議事項
本計畫經過相關的資料蒐集整理、專家訪談，以及座談會舉辦，提出下列建議：
建議一
採用成熟火災探測技術與自動化消防設備建構新式智慧物聯網型態火災情資感知偵測系統及防火防災安全系統，進行實際場域測試並蒐集相關數據，以做為消防資訊整合與數據應用系統之使用：立即可行建議
主辦機關：內政部建築研究所、消防署
協辦單位：各直轄市、縣(市)消防局
國內外物聯網型或智慧型火警探測器已開始應用在智慧消防領域，智慧物聯網(AIoT)整合型火情感知偵測系統可進行開發，透過輔導廠商自主建立規範、基準或是標準進行認證，以利擴散；智慧型火警探測器輔以邊緣運算技術，使整合型(早期)火情感知偵測系統能有效發揮作用，且能自我發現探測器問題，避免發生誤警報；透過物聯網與通訊技術讓使用者能重複確認火災情況，進行簡單救災或者是通知消防單位進行救災，達到早期防災與減災之效益；    大數據蒐集與火災資料庫建立，可提供火災發生潛勢評估、事故原因鑑定確定、安全救災應案規劃，以及確保設備效能管理使用。
建議二
透過火情偵測分析與模擬，建立火災潛勢評估以及預判火情延燒的可能情況，規劃火災預防、緊急避難以及安全救災等相關方案，並提供災後鑑定評估相關資訊：中長期建議
主辦機關：內政部建築研究所
協辦單位：內政部消防署
透過火災資料庫數據分析，評估火災潛勢區，加強火災預防工作；藉由可燃物燃燒後所釋放出的能量和燃燒產物 (包括煙及其它有毒氣體)、通風流動，以及熱傳、氣體溫度、煙濃度等，預判閃燃等可能發生的情況，供救災人員與建築物使用者了解火災之多變與危害性；藉由火情偵測分析與模擬，規劃緊急避難與安全救災等相關應案，疏導建築物使用者快速緊急避難，以及救災人員進行隔絕輻射熱與抑制閃燃發生等處置方式，達到安全救災之目的；災後透過相關感測數據分析與火情模擬，提供火災發生原因與建築物安全性評估等相關資料。
建議三
結合智慧防火防災科技技術發展，應持續就「建築技術規則」建築設計施工編第259條規範以及「各類場所消防安全設備設置標準」第192-1條相關內容加強研究，增益智慧防火防災科技之擴散使用：中長期建議
主辦機關：內政部建築研究所
協辦單位：內政部營建署、消防署
依「建築技術規則」建築設計施工編第259條，達25層或90公尺以上之高層建築物之防災中心應具備防災、警報、通報、滅火、消防及其他必要之監控系統設備，並具有「相關設備運動功能」、「提供動態資料功能」、「逃生引導廣播功能」、「配合系統型式提供模擬之功能」等。
依「各類場所消防安全設備設置標準」第192-1條，防災中心應設置防災監控系統綜合操作裝置，以監控或操作自動滅火、火警自動警報、緊急發電機、排煙等消防設備。
本研究將智慧防火防災科技初分為「建築物防火防災安全系統」、「火災情資感知偵測技術」、「資訊整合與數據應用系統技術」、「廣域人員避難引導系統/平台」，以及「消防救援系統平台」五大類技術，未來隨著智慧建築發展日益成熟，防災防火有關監控系統之智慧化技術發展，就上述法規揭櫫之設備功能，未來應持續進行相關研究，俾利智慧防火防災科技之擴散使用。

1.Research Background
With the rapid advancement of technology, the integration of fire prevention and disaster prevention technology to reduce disaster losses is an important trend in the future development of international fire prevention and disaster prevention technology. Intelligent fire prevention technology is based on information gathering equipment such as fire detectors, fire controllers and combustible gas detectors, combined with network construction and big data analysis, and the use of technology for disaster relief, as well as post-disaster analysis and reconstruction, to achieve the benefits of intelligent fire prevention. With the development of science and technology, more and more new technological elements are being introduced into fire prevention and disaster prevention applications. In order to achieve "early warning, complete information, good equipment and minimal damage", the main intelligence of "intelligent fire prevention" is how to understand the information at the fire scene and the effectiveness of fire-fighting devices in a timely and effective manner. In addition, in order to strengthen fire-fighting capabilities, improve the efficiency of real-time information and enhance the safety of fire-fighting personnel, domestic fire-fighting authorities have in recent years cooperated with private enterprises to develop various kinds of fire-fighting command, control, real-time video transmission and fire-fighting robots (tracked) and other equipment and devices to help fight fires in special areas (e.g. tin factories) by using technologies such as wireless communication, fire monitoring and personnel location tracking. To reduce casualties and damage to property. Although some of the new technologies have already been introduced, there is still much room for further expansion and refinement.
Through collecting information on the current status and future development of key technologies for intelligent fire prevention and control, this project summarizes the development objectives, benefits, and achievable implementation mechanisms and channels for implementation in Taiwan, including the following areas: (1) information integration for firefighting; (2) fire information detection; (3) AI firefighting robots/drones; (4) firefighting AI upgrade; (5) fire fighter wearable (6) Wide area personnel evacuation intelligent guidance system; (7) Intelligent early fire warning system; (8) Research and development of high temperature resistant materials, systematic research and development is planned as an important information platform for firefighting and disaster relief, and integration with decision making system, which is expected to be implemented in actual fire prevention, disaster relief and post-disaster related applications.
The results of this project are as follows.
(1).Completion of data collection and analysis of the current status of key technologies, applications and future development plans of the internal and external intelligent fire and disaster prevention technology industry.
(2).To complete interviews and seminars with experts, scholars, and manufacturers to understand the current status of the development and application of intelligent fire and fire prevention technology in Taiwan, including technology gaps, field expansion and application, and the reinforcement of regulations, as a basis for research and development topics.
(3).To complete the systematic construction of a framework for the application of intelligent fire prevention technology in buildings, as well as the evaluation of key technologies of intelligent fire prevention technology in all phases of fires.
(4).Based on the integration of R&D (Proof of Concept, PoC) and application areas (Proof of Service, PoS), and the need to validate prototype products for commercialization (Proof of Business, PoB), draft a medium and long-term outline of the key technologies and application planning strategy for smart fire prevention technology, from key technology development and refinement, laboratory field testing and validation, to actual field testing and validation, and plan a 4-year, 12-item implementation plan. The research content, expected outcomes, funding and research manpower requirements are described.
2.Important Results
The current year's plan covers the period from 27 January 111 to 31 December 111 and progress and targets have been achieved in accordance with the progress targets (see benchmarks on page 6). The following are the findings of the study
(1)To consider the objectives, benefits and achievable implementation mechanisms and channels for the development of intelligent fire and disaster prevention technologies in Taiwan.
a.To develop different strategies for the development of intelligent fire and disaster prevention technologies in China and abroad, and to develop key technologies and applications, mainly focusing on system platforms, analysis and simulation technologies, robots/drones, and firefighter safety (please refer to Chapters 2 and 3).
b.Interviews with experts, academics and firefighters to understand the three major problems that may be faced in the application of intelligent fire prevention and control technology, which affect the difficulties of implementing fire prevention and control technology into fire prevention and control applications. (Chapter 3, Section 1, "Interviews with Experts, Academics and Manufacturers").
c.Therefore, Taiwan should develop towards the integration of building fire safety design and engineering technologies and their applications, with remote monitoring, information sharing, and education and training as the implementation purposes, in order to realise remote monitoring and remote issuance of commands over long distances, so as to be able to carry out dynamic tracking and investigation of the actual situation at the fire scene, as well as to realise rapid and effective handling of abnormal situations, and to proactively implement different fire prevention tasks.
(2)Three expert seminars were organised (please refer to Appendices 4, 5 and 6).
A total of three expert seminars were held on 30 May, 23 September and 14 November respectively.
a.To redefine the technical rules of construction and the standards for the installation of fire safety equipment in various types of premises by means of intelligent fire prevention technology.
b.Application systems and field validation are crucial in disaster detection and rescue, solving the problem of information privacy, allowing the sharing of disaster information, and improving the effectiveness of prevention, mitigation and relief.
c.The development and introduction of relevant equipment is highly feasible, but training and decision making in the use of key technologies is a key focus.
d.In addition to prevention and relief, public awareness of fire should be enhanced in order to effectively disseminate intelligent fire prevention technology.
e.It is recommended that the prevention component be implemented first, and that smart buildings and public places, which are used by a specific majority of people, be able to carry out simple validation before the implementation of the plan can be sustained.
(3)A draft report on the strategy for the planning of key technologies and applications of smart fire and disaster prevention technologies over a four-year period, based on R&D integration and application areas, and commercial validation of prototype products (Appendix X). 1.
a.Tthis research project proposes a four-year draft strategy report on the key technologies and applications of smart fire prevention technology, which systematically plans 12 solutions based on the mechanisms required to link individual devices in different fire stages, with the aim of achieving the goal of enhancing fire prevention and disaster relief safety.
b.To plan laboratory and field testing and validation based on the implementation of the process of spreading end-use and product commercialisation in the real world, supplemented by the study of strategies and regulations, and to provide guidance to manufacturers in establishing their own validation benchmarks.
c.To integrate disaster prevention systems, starting with large public buildings and then extending to private buildings, to establish disaster prevention centres and equipment to enhance building safety in China.
3.Recommendations
The following recommendations have been made as a result of the data collection, interviews with experts and seminars held for this project.
(1)Using mature fire detection technology and automated firefighting equipment to construct a new type of intelligent Internet of Things (IoT) type fire information sensing detection system and fire prevention and safety system, to conduct actual field tests and collect relevant data for the use of firefighting information integration and data application system: medium and long-term proposal.
Major Initiator: Architecture and Building Research Institute, National Fire Agency
Associate Initiator: Fire Bureaus/Departments of Municipality/City/County Goverments
a.Based on the advanced information and communication technology in Taiwan, integrated fire detection devices can be developed and certified by guiding manufacturers to establish norms, benchmarks or standards on their own to facilitate their diffusion.
b.Intelligent fire detectors complemented by edge computing technology to enable integrated (early) fire awareness detectors to function effectively and self-detect detectors to avoid false alarms.
c.Through the Internet of Things and communications technology, users can repeatedly confirm fire conditions and carry out simple fire-fighting or notify fire-fighting units to achieve early disaster prevention and mitigation benefits.
d.The collection of big data and the establishment of a fire database can provide an assessment of fire potential, identification of the cause of the incident, planning for safe disaster response, and ensuring the efficient management of equipment use.
(2)To re-interpret the regulations in accordance with Article 259 of the Building Design and Construction Division of the Building Technology Regulations and Article 192-1 of the Standard for the Installation of Fire Safety Equipment in Various Types of Premises through the use of advanced intelligent fire and disaster prevention technology, in order to facilitate the expansion of the use of intelligent fire and disaster prevention technology: medium and long-term recommendations
Major Initiator: Architecture and Building Research Institute
Associate Initiator: National Fire Agency
a.Through literature collection, expert interviews, and symposium recommendations, we have initially divided our smart fire prevention technology into five categories: "Building Fire Prevention and Safety System", "Fire Information Sensing and Detection Technology", "Information Integration and Data Application System Technology", "Wide Area Personnel Evacuation Guidance System/Platform", and "Fire Rescue System Platform".
b.Through the advancement of key technologies and the analysis of regulations, the regulations will be recapitulated to facilitate the establishment of various types of building disaster prevention centres, improve the technological framework of intelligent fire prevention and disaster control in Taiwan, and facilitate the expansion of its use.
(3)Through fire detection analysis and simulation, establish fire potential assessment and prediction of possible fire prolongation, plan fire prevention, emergency evacuation and safety response, and provide information on post-disaster assessment: medium and long-term recommendations
Major Initiator: Architecture and Building Research Institute
Associate Initiator: Construction and Planning Agency, National Fire Agency
a.Assessing fire potential areas through analysis of fire database data to enhance fire prevention efforts.
b.To predict the possible occurrence of flash fires by using the energy and combustion products (including smoke and other toxic gases) released from combustible materials, ventilation flow, heat transfer and gas temperature, smoke concentration, etc., so that rescuers and the public can understand the variability and hazards of fires.
c.Through fire detection and analysis and simulation, emergency evacuation and safe disaster response plans are planned, and people are guided to take quick emergency evacuation, as well as to isolate radiant heat and suppress the occurrence of flash fires to achieve the purpose of safe disaster response.
d.Post-disaster analysis of sensory data and fire simulation will provide information on the causes of fire and building safety assessment.