中華民國內政部建築研究所中華民國內政部建築研究所

一、研究緣起
近年氣候變遷造成極端降雨事件增加，且因其降雨型態使得建築基地與傳統基礎設施因負荷不及而造成雨水積淹的情況頻繁發生，國內外相關部門與眾多研究針對如何減少都市洪患與提高建築物防災韌性等議題提出相關調適對策與解決方案。內政部營建署自民國102年頒訂「建築技術規則建築設計施工編第四條之三」規定都市計畫地區新建、增建或改建之建築物應設置雨水貯集滯洪設施；各地方政府依循中央制度分別頒訂相關規則，其內容除規定建築基地最小保水量外，更針對最大排放量訂定規定標準；經濟部水利署於民國107年中完成水利法修正新增「逕流分擔與出流管制」專章，並於民國108年初訂頒相關子法來因應，將藉集水區內雨水貯集滯洪設施與土地來共同分擔雨水逕流量，希望能減少極端降雨事件所帶來之災害，直至目前已有大量建築物完成雨水貯集滯洪設施的設置。
然而就目前建築物雨水貯集滯洪設施的調適排水操作係依據貯水槽內起抽水位與停機水位進行機械式抽排，無法因應不同降雨型態而進行針對性操作，使系統無法獲得較好的降雨逕流抑制功效，且泵浦長時間運作易造成能源浪費及損壞；另外，多數雨水貯集滯洪設施在建置後，未對其數據資料進行蒐集與反饋，將系統運作成果進行檢討，使得許多系統在建置後無法得知設施設備運作情形，如發生損壞，將使系統失去功能。針對前述問題，內政部建築研究所已於110年度執行的研究計畫「建築物既有雨水貯集滯洪設施實施智慧化雨洪管理與系統建置之研究」完成智慧監控系統建置案例之遴選，針對建築物既有雨水貯集滯洪設施進行軟、硬體設備單元評選及系統運作初步測試，尚未針對系統進行實際監控及整體的規劃探討；為增進未來建築物雨水貯集滯洪設施智慧監控系統的技術整合、系統穩定及區域性落實與推廣之可行性，將藉本年度計畫案整體規劃與成效探討之研究成果，提供未來建築物發展智慧化管理及提升都市水患韌性之重要基礎。
本研究案執行期程為十個半月，爰引本所協同研究計畫需求說明，研究計畫之研究旨在完成建築物雨水貯集滯洪設施智慧監控系統的整體規劃與成效探討，將延續110年度計畫持續針對既有雨水貯集滯洪設施進行實際降雨事件的智慧監控，並與ICT （Information and Communication Technology）智慧建築整合管理平台或物業管理跨平台系統進行資訊整體規劃與系統評析，進行降雨事件逕流抑制成效探討，並比較智慧排洪與傳統機械式排洪之差異，進而考量社區整合調控之功能效益，研提未來社區或區域性尺度系統建置與地方政府平台技術銜接之建議，同時廣邀相關社宅單位研議未來推廣應用相關策略(如納入都市設計審議、智慧建築標章等)；藉本計畫成果，預期可為雨水貯集系統智慧化管理之發展及未來都市雨洪管理提供重要參考依據。
二、研究方法及過程
研究內容初步之5項研究內容，研究案之工作項目如下：
1.建築物雨水貯集滯洪設施智慧監控系統之現況分析與檢討修改。
2.智慧監控數據彙整並與ICT智慧建築平台進行資訊整體規劃與系統評析。
3.實際降雨事件逕流抑制成效探討，並比較智慧排洪與傳統機械式排洪之差異。
4.研析智慧監控系統對於社區整合調控之功能效益。
5.研提未來社區或區域性尺度系統建置與地方政府平台技術銜接，以及未來推廣應用之建議。
三、重要發現
一、建築物雨水貯集滯洪設施智慧監控系統之現況分析與檢討修改
本計畫完成台北市信義區某公宅興建案之示範案例的雨水貯集滯洪設施智慧監控系統的運作現況分析，並配合案例興建進度完成系統建置作業，以及該案ICT智慧建築管理平台架設等現況進行分析與檢討，並針對智慧監控系統進行妥適的修改與調校，以及修繕與維護等工作，其內容分述如后：
1.智慧監控系統現況分析與檢討修改—檢視案例現場智慧監控系統包括感測設備、控制與數據傳輸設備、系統主機等運作情況，以及調整通訊系統線路並完成建置作業與修繕維護等工作。
2.案例興建進度、設施與基地場域現況—由於該建案今年初仍受缺工缺料之影響，致使今年5月中才完成該建案滯洪設施與中央控制中心的相關設備裝設，並於6月初完成驗收與點交。本計畫智慧監控系統的建置作業配合建案期程，持續追中興建進度與溝通協調，並針對現場排水情況、滯洪設施與基地場域是否變動、有無發生溢淹情況等完成資料蒐集與分析，進而進行智慧監控系統調整。
3.ICT智慧建築整合管理平台建置進度－如前述6月初完成中央控制中心相關設備設置與驗收後，ICT智慧建築團隊持續在現場進行資訊平台與相關主機設備設定與調校；本研究團隊積極與ICT智慧建築團隊及物業管理單位針對本案工業電腦主機放置位置、網路連接、線路走向與後續資訊整合連結方式等相關議題進行討論。
二、智慧監控數據彙整並與ICT智慧建築平台進行資訊整體規劃與系統評析
智慧監控系統整體規劃架構由下而上分為感測端、傳輸與控制端、管理與決策端及應用端四個部分，本年度完成感測端、傳輸與控制端、管理與決策端進行通訊連結，並在案例ICT智慧建築資訊管理平台建置完成後，進行後續應用端架構的部分整體規劃；考量ICT智慧建築資訊管理平台需求與數據格式與連結方式，檢視智慧監控系統的管理與決策端，研擬功能擴充、後續應用或展示項目、以及資訊共享等內容。
本計畫工業電腦主機考量系統長期運作之穩定性，以Linux Ubuntu 20.04為作業系統，並以Python程式語言軟體進行系統建置，整體智慧監控管理系統平台API的組成主要分為RS-485通訊模組(Communication Module)、控制模組(Control Module)、決策模組(Decision Module)、資料數模組(Data Module)、分析與出圖模組(Analysis Module)、及資料傳輸模組(Transport Module)等6個模組，其中本系統主機平台係透過資料傳輸模組(Transport Module)與ICT智慧建築資訊整合平台進行資訊連結與技術整合，並藉Ethernet乙太網路進行連結，由ICT智慧建築資訊整合平台進行數據接收與系統評析等測試工作。
三、既有雨水貯集滯洪設施之智慧監控測試，以及實際降雨事件逕流抑制成效及智慧排洪與傳統機械式排洪差異性初步探討
本案例滯洪設施未改造前為傳統式機械抽排，其係透過浮球式液位計並針對起抽水位的判定而進行滯洪設施排水；本案智慧監控系統裝設後，係透過壓力式水位計判斷即時水位而估算設施內可滯洪的盈餘空間，並考量入流量預測結果而進行智慧決策的排洪操作。
由於本案滯洪設施原系統已改造為智慧監控系統，為比較智慧排洪與傳統機械式排洪逕流抑制成效之差異，將藉由實際降雨事件之遴選，針對現有監控數據與原系統模式模擬結果進行設施內水位變化、逕流體積削減與泵浦運作情況之比較分析；成果顯示，本案智慧監控系統建置後，透過智慧排洪相比傳統機械式排洪約可提升25％逕流體積削減率之防洪成效及減少泵浦運作時程達到節能減碳之效益。
四、ICT智慧建築平台資訊整合之模式建立與智慧監控系統對於社區整合調控之功能效益之研析
本計畫案例中央控制中心管理項目包括機電與能源管理、資訊網路系統、室內環境品質系統、停車管制系統、監視系統…等，其皆整合於ICT智慧建築資訊平台中，並交由物業管理單位進行管理；而滯洪設施僅為給排水項目中的其中一項設施管理，原平台提供其管理項目主要為警戒水位警示，分為正常水位與警戒水位兩種，物業管理人員必要時需依其警示資訊，赴現場進行手動啟閉電動閥或泵浦之電磁開關等維護管理作業。
透過智慧監控系統整合模式建置並與ICT智慧建築資訊平台進行調控，本系同仍保留原手動操作機制以應變緊急狀況，而中央控制中心將提供滯洪設施即時水位與抽排水情況等相關資訊，可立即判斷設備是否發生故障而即時聯繫相關單位進行修繕，進而提高物業管理單位執行效率。
五、未來社區或區域性尺度雨水貯集滯洪設施智慧監控系統規劃與推廣應用之建議
本計畫目前僅針對單一建築物之滯洪設施進行智慧監控，屬於系統運行測試階段，未來若考量社區或區域性尺度之雨水貯集滯洪設施落實智慧監控，應針對系統其相關規劃內容與推廣應用之建議，以下分為監控與通訊設備建置、系統平台開發與整合、及維護管理計畫等三個面向：
1.監控與通訊設備建置－硬體設備規劃與建置前，應考量各案例得的現場條件，可透過該案的排水計畫書針對滯洪設施與排水相關設計內容進行蒐集分析，進而聯繫物管人員或負責人進行現場踏勘並確認設備裝設之可行性。如為新建建築物的滯洪設施，應於施工期間預留通訊設備之管路或線槽；如為舊有建築物的滯洪設施或現場通訊線路佈設不易者，則可選擇無線通訊的方式與結合物聯網技術進行通訊連結。
2.系統平台開發與整合－未來社區或區域性尺度滯洪設施智慧監控，需在目前智慧監控系統的基礎上強化其應用及加值效益，將平台擴展為雲端資訊整合平台系統，進而研擬聯合操控策略並對於監控數據進行雲端運算與大數據分析，藉案例數增加而強化智慧雨洪管理的量能，且應持續針對數據傳輸效能與穩定性以及系統防洪效益之檢討、優化預測模型、系統決策程式之自適性AI調整、擴充大數據資料庫與系統功能等相關作業。
3.維護管理計畫－建築物雨水貯集滯洪設施應研擬完善的維護管理計畫，目前部分地方政府已訂定相關法令與規範，但未導入智慧監控管理相關內容，未來應針對滯洪設施之智慧化監控與維護修繕上建立一套營運制度。
四、主要建議事項
建議一
建築物雨水貯集滯洪設施導入智慧監控管理在法令制度結合之研究：立即可行建議
主辦機關：內政部建築研究所
協辦機關：內政部營建署、經濟部水利署、地方政府
目前多數新建、增建或改建之建築物已完成雨水貯集滯洪設施之設置，但僅部分縣市地方政府具有雨水貯集滯洪設施維護管理、派員檢視與罰鍰等相關條例之訂定，且多數設施的營運及維管措施未能與建築物所有權人或物業管理單位進行連結，使得許多建築物雨水貯集滯洪設施在建置後，無法獲得妥善的管理、操作、維護與修繕而造成設施功能效益不如預期或損壞。建議應將建築物雨水貯集滯洪設施的維護管理相關事項納入法令制度，透過案例現況調查而研析建築物雨水貯集滯洪設施智慧監控管理與現行法令制度結合之方向，同時與建築師或水利技師或相關產業、協會共同合作，進而培訓專業人員與規劃維護管理相關制度，可為建築物雨水貯集滯洪設施永續管理與未來政策發展提供重要參考依據。
建議二
建築物雨水貯集滯洪設施長期智慧監控成效分析之研究：短中期建議
主辦機關：內政部建築研究所
協辦機關：內政部營建署
本年度已完成建築物雨水貯集滯洪設施智慧監控系統之建置與進行智慧排洪操控的初步分析探討，並初步與ICT智慧建築平台完成資訊連結與數據分享，系統能夠及時掌控入流情況並確實可實施智慧排水操作，提升系統蓄洪能力及逕流體積削減之目的，獲得良好的雨洪管理成效；惟本年度計畫受建案工期與疫情影響，使整體系統建置時程向後延期，故未能針對系統長期實施智慧監控針對各種不同降雨型態進行分析及長期運作的系統穩定性分析，以及系統管理與修繕維護等事宜進行研究，未來建議應針對系統長期運作效益、系統評估與更新、以及運維成本等內容進行研析，做為未來建築物雨水貯集滯洪設施系統智慧化管理之參考。

1.Purpose of the research
Due to climate change, the number of heavy rainfall has increased dramatically, causing increasing urban storm water discharge and frequent flooding in recent years. In face the uncertainty of future climate change and urbanization development, many studies at domestic and abroad have tried to find the solutions and related policies to solve the urban storm water problems. In the Article 4-3 of Architecture Design and Construction section of Building Technical Regulations in 2013, it requires that storm water harvesting systems should be installed in newly, expanded and renovated buildings in urban areas. All local governments have set up their local requirements for storm water detention volume and minimum allowable discharge according to the standard released by the central government. Water Resources Agency, Ministry of Economic Affairs, has added "Runoff Allocation and Outflow Control" chapter to the Water Law in 2017 and finalized the relevant sub-laws in 2018. Therefore, storm water can be mitigated by means of detention facilities and surface areas in the catchment area. The risk of extreme rainfall events can be reduced. At present, a large number of storm water detention facilities have been constructed in recent years in different counties in Taiwan.
Traditionally,storm water detention facilities in buildings are operated based on mechanical operation depending on the initial and final water levels in the detention facilities. With this operation rule, effectiveness of storm water mitigation can’t be improved and time duration of pumping period can’t be reduced. Also, the operation conditions for existing systems are all unknown. Therefore, very few operation data can be collected and feed back to modify the existing systems. To improve the current circumstances, the research project titled "Research on the Implementation of Smart Monitoring and Operation for Existing Detention Facilities in Buildings" was carried out by the Architecture and Building Research Institute, Ministry of the Interior in 2021. The project had completed the demonstration site selection. For the selected site, hardware and software selection and indoor testing of unit of hardware and system have been examined. But overall system planning including hardware and software, system layout and monitor at the selected site are not completed. In order to enhance the system integration, system stability and feasibility of regional implementation and promotion of the smart monitoring and operation system for storm water detention facilities in buildings in the future, the purpose of the project in this year is to develop a holistic approach for system planning and assess the effectiveness of the system. The results obtained by this research will provide as a corner stone to develop a smart storm water management in buildings and improve flood resilience in urban areas.
This research takes ten and half months. The contents of the research include planning the smart monitoring and operation system and effectiveness evaluation for the selected detention facility in the building. Based on the results of the 2021 project, the feasibility of smart monitoring and operation of field rainfall events and integration of management of ICT (Information and Communication Technology) platform for smart building will be examined. Furthermore, the storm water management benefits of community or regional scale system will also be evaluated. Recommendations for constructing smart monitoring systems for future communities and regional scale and connections with local government platform technology will be proposed. Also, future application and implementation strategies (bring into urban design review or green building certification, etc.) for installation of smart monitoring system will be discussed by widely invited communities. With the results of this project, the smart management system developed by this project will provide as the important reference and platform for local governments and for future urban storm water management.
2.Methodology and procedures
Five research items are included and are listed as followings:
Analysis, review and revise the current development of the smart monitoring operation system for storm water detention facilities in buildings.
Research and planning of information integration of monitoring data and system evaluation with the ICT smart building platform.
Assess the effectiveness of runoff mitigation for rainfall events and compare the differences between smart operation and traditional operation.
Assess the storm water mitigation benefits of the smart monitoring and operation system for community-based.
Assess and propose the system installation, connection platform for local governments and future implication and application for communities a/o regional scales.
3.Major findings
(1)Analysis, review and modification of the existing smart monitoring and operation systems for the storm water detention facilities in buildings
This project has analyzed the existing operation rules of monitoring system of the storm water detention facility in the case of public housing construction project in Guangci located in Taipei City. In accordance with the construction progress of the case, the smart storm water monitoring system has been established; the existing ICT smart building management platform for the selected case has been analyzed and reviewed; and the appropriate revisions, adjustments, repair and maintenance for the smart monitoring and operation system have been made. The detailed contents of the results are explained as followings:
Analysis, review and modification of the existing smart monitoring and operation systems－review the operation of the on-site smart monitoring and operation system of the selected case including sensing equipment, control and data transmission equipment, system host, the communication system lines and operations, repair and maintenance.
The public housing construction progress, facilities and status—shortage of workers and construction materials at the beginning of this year has deeply affected the progress of the construction project. The installation of the storm water detention facilities and the central control center for the construction project had completed in middle of May this year. The acceptance and point delivery had finished in early June. The construction of the smart monitoring system of this project is coordinated with the construction schedule. This project has continuous tracking the construction progress and communicating and coordinating with the people in charge. Modifications of the smart storm water monitoring system are based on the factors of on-site drainage conditions, storm water detention facilities and construction site variations, etc.
The construction progress of the ICT smart building integration management platform－After the acceptance and point delivery had completed in early June, the ICT smart building working team has continued to set up and adjust the information platform and related host equipment on site. This project research team has actively discussed with the ICT smart building team and the property management unit on the issues related to the placement of the industrial computer host, network connection, line direction and follow-up information integration and connection methods at the site.
(2)Integrate monitoring data and conduct information planning and system evaluation with the ICT smart building platform
The major components of the smart monitoring system are generally divided into four parts which include sensing, transmission and control, management and decision-making, and application. In this year, the communication link between the sensing, transmission and control, management and decision-making, and after the construction of the case ICT smart building information management platform have been completed.  Future research and development in the areas of function expansion, subsequent application or display projects and information sharing should be considered the factors of the requirements of the ICT smart building information management platform, data format and connection method and review the management and decision-making side of the smart monitoring system.
For considering the stability of the long-term operation of the system, the industrial computer has adopted; the Linux Ubuntu 20.04 has been used as the operating system; and the system has been built with Python programming language software. The major components of the API of the smart monitoring and management system platform is mainly divided into six modules: RS-485 Communication Module, Control Module, Decision Module, Data Module, Analysis Module and Transport Module. The host platform of smart monitoring and operation system is connected with the ICT smart building information integration platform through the Transport Module for information connection and technology integration which is connected by Ethernet and the ICT smart building. The information integration platform conducts testing task such as data reception and system evaluation and analysis.
(3)Examine the existing storm water detention facilities and compare the effectiveness of storm water mitigation for rainfall events between smart monitoring operation and traditional operation systems
The traditional storm water detention facility of the selected case was pumped and drained system. It operated bases on the float-type liquid level gauge and water level. For smart monitoring operation system, it operated based on the real-time water level and the surplus space for detention facility which were calculated based on the inflow forecast to carry out smart decision-making operation.
The existing operation system of the detention facility for the selected case has been transformed into the smart monitoring and operation system. For comparison the difference between the smart and the traditional systems in storm water mitigation, the measured rainfall data were used. The parameters of water level changes, runoff volume reduction and time period of pump operation were used. The results show that the storm water volume reduction rate was about 25% higher for smart system compared to that of traditional one. Time period of pumping for smart system was much less than that of traditional one which also had the benefits of energy saving and carbon emission reduction.
(4)Establishment the information integration model of the ICT smart building platform and assessment the functional benefits of the smart monitoring and operation system for community-based
The management contents of the central control center of the selected case include electro-mechanics and energy management, information network system, indoor environmental quality system, parking control system, monitoring system, etc. Those systems are integrated into the ICT smart building information platform and will be transferred to the property management unit. The storm water detention facility is part of the water supply and drainage system. The platform provides the function of that system with warning signal when water level reaches the warning water level. Water level can be divided into normal water level and warning water level. The people in charge need to follow the warning signal and manually open and close or maintain the electric valve a/o the electromagnetic switch of the pump.
When the smart monitoring and operation system successfully integrated with the ICT smart building information platform, the function of the original manual operation mechanism will be reserved to respond the emergency condition. Therefore, the central control center will provide information including real-time water levels and pumping and drainage conditions of the detention facility. With these information, people in charge can soon determine whether the system is malfunction or not and asks for repairmen if needed. This will improve the efficiency of the property management unit.
(5)Recommendations for the planning, promotion and application of smart monitoring and operation system for the storm water detention facility at the community- or regional-scale in the future
At present, the monitoring and operation system for storm water detention facility developed by this project is for a single building. For the community or regional scale, three aspects should be considered: monitoring and communication equipment installation, system platform development and integration, and maintenance management planning. They will be discussed as followings:
Monitoring and communication equipment installation－Before the planning and installation of hardware, the site conditions of the case should be considered.  With the drainage plan at the construction site, the design content of detention facilities and drainage can be collected and analyzed. Then, the feasibility of equipment installation can be confirmed with the personnel in charge in the property management unit. For the detention facility of a new building, pipelines or trunking for communication equipment should be reserved during the construction period. For those existing buildings, a wireless communication method and combination of Internet Of Things (IOT) technology for communication link should be used because on-site communication line is difficulty to install.
System platform development and integration – For the smart monitoring and operation system of storm water detention facility used in community or regional scale, the application and value-added benefits should be considered. It is recommended that existing platform should be expanded as cloud information integration platform system and then developed a joint manipulate strategies and carried out cloud computing and big data analysis for monitoring data. With great amount of data, the ability of the smart storm water management system can be improved. Also the continuous reviewing and optimizing the forecasting models and systems for data transmission performance and stability, system flood control benefits, adaptive AI adjustment of decision-making programs, expansion of big data database, system functions and other related operations are needed.
Maintenance and management plan – Development a comprehensive maintenance and management plan for storm water detention facilities is needed. At present, some local governments have formulated relevant laws and regulations but have not introduced the relevant content of smart monitoring and operation management concepts. In the future, a business operation model for smart monitoring and operation and management of storm water detention facilities should be developed.
4.Major recommendation items
Through this research, following two recommendations are made for immediate and short- to middle- term period:
Recommendation 1
Feasibility analysis of combination of smart monitoring and management for storm
water detention facilities at buildings with legal system: immediate
Organizer: Architecture and Building Research Institute, MOI
Co-organizer: Construction and Planning Agency, MOI.; Water Resources Agency, MOE; Local governments.
For those newly constructed, renovated and expanded buildings, storm water detention facilities are required. But only limited local governments have issued a decree for maintenance, sending staff to inspect and penalty and fine for storm water detention facilities. Also management and operation of storm water detention facilities has not linked to owners of buildings or property management units. Therefore, the proper management, operation and repairman of storm water detention facilities are generally ignored after storm water detention facilities are constructed. Hence, the expected benefits of storm water detention facilities cannot be achieved. For those reasons, it is recommended that smart monitoring and management system for storm water detention facilities at buildings should be include into legal system. With more field investigations, the key directions for amending the law will be obtained. In the meantime, more professional personals should be cultivated with those architect, hydraulic and other associated associations. This will provide as a corn stone for sustainable storm water management in the urban areas.
Recommendation 2
Economics and Benefits analysis of smart monitoring and operation system for storm water detention facility at buildings: short- to middle- term
Organizer: Architecture and Building Research Institute, MOI
Co-organizer: Construction and Planning Agency, MOI
In the project, installation of the smart monitoring and operation system for storm water for detention facility and primary analysis for the smart control using rainfall data have completed. The system has also primary linked and shared data with the ICT smart building platform. The system can timely control the inflow condition, carry on smart drainage operations, improve the system's flood storage capacity, reduce the volume of runoff and achieve satisfied storm water management results. Due to COV-19 epidemic,construction for buildings and the smart operating system installation schedule were delayed. Therefore, implementation of short- to middle-term smart monitoring and analysis for the system for various rainfall events, system stability analysis of operation, as well as system management and repairman cannot be studied properly. In the short- to middle-run, the study and analyze the operation benefits of the system, system evaluation, operation and maintenance costs, etc. also need to be studied. They can provide as an important reference for implementing the smart management of storm water detention facility systems in buildings.