中華民國內政部建築研究所中華民國內政部建築研究所

一、研究緣起
近年來，政府應用內政大數據的上解決諸多過往在以統計做判斷上的盲點，以戶政、經濟(用水、用電)、交通、就學、就業等大量數據間的交互關係進行分析及判斷，提出如銀髮安心、兒童福利、身障照護、婦女婚育、無殼青年等對應政策。內政大數據如能適當結合都市風環境資訊，透過大數據分析，找出有用且關聯之資訊，應能對於城市戶外通風以及降溫提出最佳策略，有效達到節能減碳之目標。
本計畫以大台北人口稠密處為研究區，其範圍包台北市、新北市之都會區，探討如何補齊自動測站不足之風速、風向資料，以大數據資料庫計算當地不同風向之風速機率分布函數，作為環境風場評估之基礎。另以CFD模擬交叉比對上述預測結果，利用CFD模擬之中尺度風速資料建立通風地圖，據以提出氣象站統計資料之地形修正模式。最後，蒐集並統合內政大數據資料，分析與都市通風相關之因子，透過地理資訊系統建置研究區之資料庫。以地圖資訊方式，嘗試分析都市通風與大數據之關聯因子，尋求研究區域內改善對策或研擬可行之政策方向。
二、研究方法及過程
本計畫主要工作項目為資料收集與理論分析，接下來分為4個分支進行工作，包含蒐集與分析、類神經網路預測模式精進、研究區通風地圖建立以及QGIS地圖系統開發，說明如後：
a、資料蒐集與分析：
(1)研究區內政數據蒐集；
(2)研究區氣象數據蒐集；
(3)研究區建築數據蒐集；
(4)資料整理與分類。
b、類神經網路預測模式精進
(1)資料整理與分類；
(2)自動測站風速資料補遺；
(3)風速機率統計分析。
c、研究區通風地圖建立：
(1)研究區CFD模擬；
(2)通風地圖與風速機率轉換；
(5)風速地圖資料與風速機率轉換模式建立；
d、QGIS地圖系統開發：
(1)數據資料庫系統建構；
(2)通風地圖查詢系統開發；
最後整合工作有數據與地圖系統彙整至地圖系統、通風地圖應用分析、期末報告、成果報告等。執行期間另舉辦2次專家諮詢座談會，以徵詢學者專家對本案之建議。
三、結論
本研究綜合研究成果，並檢視預期成果效益後，可歸納以下幾點結論：
(1)本研究完成2種資料格式之我國都市3D建築模型轉換技術，並開發自動識別及模型清理整併程式，可作為建築測繪資料轉換CFD模擬前處理技術之一環，加速相關模擬之程序。
(2)夜晚的電信信令人口分佈均勻性要白天高上許多，對於實際活動人口分佈狀況應較具有代表性。檢視內政數據現有之欄位資料，有關用水用電資訊目前分類方式主要以縣、市、區、鄉鎮為地理單位，在以建築聚落為主體的地圖分析上較難發揮功效，資料分布宜採以最小統計區為單元為佳。
(3)研究區空氣溫度有逐年上升的趨勢，近10年台北測站上升了1.9度，板橋測站上升了1度，其原因可能是地球暖化，或都市化程度逐年增加形成熱島效應加劇所致。研究區近10年風速逐年降低，推測應該是受到都市化程度提升，建築密集所造成，也可能是氣候變遷所造成大氣環境變化所致。檢視研究區2020年間最高溫度分布狀況呈，得知最高溫度發生在台北測站，溫度高達39C，此高溫並向外擴散，此時市中心與郊區的空氣溫度差來到5.4度，顯見此區域的都市熱島效應十分嚴重。
(4)利用衛星空拍圖進行地表溫度LST反演，透過正規化與分類結果得到正規化地表溫度NLST，找出區域內熱島強度重點區域。並可進一步計算區域之熱島比例指數，了解區域之熱島強度，有助於後續區域規劃時要求熱島區不宜過度集中。
(5)利用衛星照片之監督式分類方法，針對研究區做簡易局部氣候分區分類，未來可應用內政國土測繪中心之進行簡易區域分類，以獲得更可靠之局部氣候分區圖。
(6)以類神經網路技術補足氣象站缺失資料至10年以上，並由研究區內各測站盛行風風向及平均風速來判斷主要風向走勢，有利於後續主要風廊、次要風廊之分析及繪製。
(7)建立以CFD模擬結果進行風廊劃分流程以及技術，建議於風廊劃分時，以都市計畫區為單位來進行。結合鄰近之氣象站或大氣模式分析資料，進行盛行風風向分析後，結合風廊劃分標準，據以劃定區域主要風廊、次要風廊，作為都市規劃或土地管制之參考。
四、建議
建議一
立即可行建議：通風地圖推廣應用
主辦機關：內政部建築研究所、中華民國風工程學會
協辦機關：國立台灣科技大學
本研究結合鄰近之氣象站資訊分析結果，以都市計畫分區為單位，採用CFD模擬的風場結果，並建立通風潛力指標，另結合局部氣候分區來指認通風廊道。後續應可推廣此技術應用至我國主要都市進行分析，提供都市設計審議或都市規劃之參考。
建議二
中長期建議：風廊管制策略研擬
主辦機關：內政部建築研究所、中華民國風工程學會
協辦機關：國立台灣科技大學、內政部營建署
本研究建立整合技術指認都市風廊，而劃定風廊後管制手段牽涉到人民權益以及地方政府都市規劃。如綠地保留或限制開發，以及限制建蔽率、容積率、道路退縮等手段能形塑風廊，但也對於土地使用帶來了限制。風廊區的管制也需要因地制宜，此部分需審視現有中央法規以及地方政府土地管制規則來通盤考量。
建議三
中長期建議：開發或整合通風地圖資訊平台
主辦機關：內政部建築研究所、中華民國風工程學會
協辦機關：國立台灣科技大學、內政部國土測繪中心、內政部營建署城鄉發展分署
基於前述之通風地圖以及通風分區分析技術，可建立大尺度之都市通風地圖資訊。後續應建立線上或線下地圖查詢系統，提供完整且友善之查找環境，或是將相關圖資整合至營建署國土規劃地理資訊圖台，提供整合資訊以供參考。由於都市紋理會逐年改變，相應地圖資料須每2-3年進行檢討更新，以呈現最新並符合現況之風廊規劃。
建議四
中長期建議：都市風廊效益追蹤
主辦機關：內政部建築研究所、中華民國風工程學會
協辦機關：國立台灣科技大學
應持續追蹤風廊改善對於都市熱島對於建築節能之效益並進行檢討，盤點並評估區域建築節能效益，配合我國淨零探排政策推動方向，協助政府淨零路徑之可行性驗證。應可結合實場之風場、溫度監測，搭配內政數據之區域建築用電追蹤分析，或針對特定研究區作為驗證之場域，進行風場、溫度、建築用電等即時監控，逐年追蹤其效益。相關計畫難度頗高，除顧及儀器安裝及資料傳輸技術外，還需要建築持有方以及地方政府等多方配合，需慎重考慮及規劃聯繫方能完成。

I.Background
In recent years, the government has applied big data to solve many of the blind spots in statistical judgment, analyzing and judging the interaction between a large amount of data such as household administration, economy (such as water and electricity), transportation, schooling, employment, and proposing corresponding policies such as care for seniors, child welfare, care for the physically disabled, marriage and childbirth for women, and youth without house. If the big data can be appropriately combined with urban wind and environmental information, and the useful and related information can be identified through big data analysis, the best strategies for urban outdoor ventilation and cooling can be proposed to effectively achieve the goal of energy saving and carbon reduction.
In this project, we use the densely populated areas of Taipei bansin as the study area, including the metropolitan areas of Taipei City and New Taipei City, to explore how to make up for the insufficient wind speed and wind direction data from automatic weather stations, and use the large data database to calculate the wind speed probability distribution functions for different wind directions in the area as a basis for environmental wind field assessment. In addition, CFD simulations are used to cross-comparison the above prediction results, and CFD simulations are used to build wind maps with mesoscale wind speed data to propose topographic correction models for meteorological station statistics. Finally, we collected and unified the internal data to analyze the factors related to urban ventilation, and built a database of the study area through the geographic information system. By using map information, we try to analyze the correlation factors between urban ventilation and big data to find improvement measures or feasible polices in the study area.
II.Methodology and process
The main works of this project are data collection and theoretical analysis, then divided into four branches of work, including the collection and analysis, the improvement of the neural network prediction model, the establishment of the study area ventilation map, and the QGIS system development, as described below.
a.Data collection
b.Neural network model improvement
c.Estiblishment of urban ventilation map
d.Development of QGIS map system
The final integration work includes data and map system integration into the map system, analysis of ventilation map application, and writting of final report and result report. During the implementation period, two expert consultation sessions were held to seek advice from scholars and experts on this project.
III.Conclusions
After synthesizing the research results and examining the expected outcome benefits, the following conclusions can be summarized in this study.
(1)In this study,s we have completed the conversion technology of our urban 3D building models in two data formats, and developed an automatic identification and model cleaning integration program, which can be used as one of the pre-processing technologies for the conversion of building measurement data into CFD pre-processing, and accelerate the related simulation process.
(2)The population distribution of telecommunication signals at night is much more uniform than that of daytime, and should be more representative of the actual distribution of the active population. The current classification of water and electricity information is mainly based on counties, cities, districts, and towns, which is difficult to be effective in the analysis of maps with building settlements as the main unit.
(3)The air temperature in the study area has been increasing year by year, with a 1.9°C increase at the Taipei station and a 1 degree increase at the Banqiao station in the last 10 years, which may be due to global warming or the heat island effect caused by increasing urbanization. The wind speed in the study area has been decreasing year by year for the past 10 years, which is presumed to be caused by the increase in urbanization and dense construction, and may also be due to changes in the atmospheric environment caused by climate change. The maximum temperature distribution in the study area in 2020 showed that the highest temperature occurred at the Taipei station, where the temperature reached 39°C and spread to the outside, and at this time the difference in air temperature between the city center and the suburbs reached 5.4 39°C, which shows that the urban heat island effect is very serious in this area.
(4)The surface temperature LST inversion is performed by using satellite aerial photography, and the normalized surface temperature NLST is obtained by normalizing and classifying the results to identify the key areas of heat island intensity in the region. It can further calculate the regional heat island ratio index to understand the regional heat island intensity, which is helpful for the subsequent regional planning to require that the heat island areas should not be overly concentrated.
(5)In the future, we can apply the simple regional classification of the Interior Land Survey and Mapping Center to obtain more reliable local climate zoning maps.
(6)The Artificial Neural Network technology is used to supplement the missing data from meteorological stations to more than 10 years, and the prevailing wind direction and average wind speed of each station in the study area are used to determine the major wind direction, which is beneficial to the subsequent analysis and mapping of major and minor wind corridors.
(7)The process and technique of wind corridor delineation by CFD simulation results are suggested to be carried out on the basis of urban planning areas. After analyzing the prevailing wind direction by combining the data from nearby meteorological stations or atmospheric model analysis, the wind corridor delineation criteria are combined to delineate the major and secondary urban ventilation corridors for urban planning or land control.
IV.Suggestions
Suggestion 1
Immediately feasible suggestion: promote and applicat urban ventilation map.
Organizers: Ministry of the Interior, Architecture and Building Research Institute, Taiwan Association for Wind Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology.
In this study, the wind field results from CFD simulations are combined with the results of the nearby meteorological station information analysis, and the wind potential indexes are established by urban planning zones, and the local climate zones are combined to identify the wind corridors. This technique can be applied to major cities in Taiwan for urban design and urban planning purposes.
Suggestion 2
Immediately feasible suggestion: Development of wind corridor control strategy.
Organizers: Ministry of the Interior, Architecture and Building Research Institute, Taiwan Association for Wind Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology.
This study establishes an integrated technique to identify urban wind corridors, and the post-designation controls involve people's rights and local government urban planning. Such measures as green space preservation or development restrictions, as well as restrictions on building coverage, plot ratio, and road setbacks can shape the wind corridor, but they also impose land use restrictions. The control of wind corridor areas also needs to be tailored to local conditions, and this part needs to be considered in a holistic manner by examining existing central regulations and local government land control rules.
Suggestion 3
Immediately feasible suggestion: Development or integration of ventilation map information platform.
Organizers: Ministry of the Interior, Department of Construction, Architecture and Building Research Institute. Taiwan Association for Wind Engineering. National Taiwan University of Science and Technology.
Based on the aforementioned ventilation maps and ventilation zone analysis techniques, large scale urban ventilation map information can be created. Later, an online or offline map search system should be established to provide a complete and friendly search environment, or the relevant maps should be integrated into the Land Planning and Geographic Information Platform of the Department of Construction and Urban Development to provide integrated information for reference. Since the urban texture will change year by year, the corresponding map information should be reviewed and updated every 2-3 years to present the latest wind corridor planning in accordance with the current situation.
Suggestion 4
Immediately feasible suggestion: Tracking the benefits of urban corridors
Organizers: Ministry of the Interior, Architecture and Building Research Institute, Taiwan Association for Wind Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology.
We should continue to track the benefits of wind corridor improvement on urban heat island on building energy saving and review them, take stock and evaluate the regional building energy saving benefits, and assist the government to verify the feasibility of the net-zero path in line with the direction of promoting net-zero emission policy in Taiwan. It should be combined with the wind and temperature monitoring in the field and the tracking analysis of regional building power consumption with the internal government data, or the specific research area as the verification site to conduct real-time monitoring of wind, temperature, building power consumption, etc. and track the benefits year by year. In addition to the installation of instruments and data transmission technology, the project also requires the cooperation of building owners and local governments, and requires careful consideration and planning before completion.