中華民國內政部建築研究所中華民國內政部建築研究所

一、研究緣起
在全世界零排放的永續發展目標下，零能源或近零能源建築已是各國努力追求的政策目標，而建築水資源利用也終將以淨零耗水或近零耗水為目標。政府制定2050年零排放的永續政策目標，建築能源標示制度已經頒布實施，水資源標示制度也應該啟動跟上國家政策。近零耗水建築（nZWB）意義為低耗水的節水型綠建築，利用建築物設置的雨水與再生水循環利用系統達到自給自足，兩者相抵銷後，消耗水資源接近為零的建築物。近零耗水建築的落實必須在建築耗水量化評估與標示的制度基礎上，建立簡化且可靠的建築水資源評估方法，以供執行落實與推動實踐。本計畫擬延續綠建築評估與能源標示制度之理念與操作邏輯，分析各類建築單位面積耗水密度，以合理正確之建築耗水量基準，建立建築水資源標示評估方法與節水技術應用策略。透過文獻回顧彙整相關國內外建築用水量推估與設計之技術規範與研究成果，正確掌握建築物之合理之耗水量推估方法。探討建築水資源標示定義與節水效益評估計算方法，導入雨水與再生水循環利用規劃技術，建立建築近零耗水標準情境與評估基準。
二、研究方法與過程
本研究擬以建築用水密度WUI (Water Unit Intensity)為指標基準，首先將調查台灣地區包括住宅建築和其他類建築在內之建築案例，利用統計學理解析相關影響因素，以蒙地卡羅亂數模擬（Monte Carlo Simulation, MCS）及歸納實證修正方法，分析建築單位面積耗水密度與驗證理論用水量推估方法，具體定義建築近零耗水指標與標示基準。
(一)文獻回顧分析
首先蒐集國內外與研究相關之文獻著作、研究報告、期刊及論文，作為本研究之基礎資料，並利用「文獻回顧分析」歸納分析找出與節水及用水評級相關之評估指標群及項目之原始評估因子，作為建築耗水評估指標與標示基準之理論基礎。
(二)建築用水基準量 WUI 指標
本研究利用建築耗水密度WUI用水量分析為研究方法計算基礎，有許多關於各類建築基準用水量計算，目前既有文獻及現行設備技師實務之推估方式，大多以有效樓地板面積換算使用人數，再依據使用人數在該類建築場所之使用特性決定人均單位用水量來推估使用水量，此推估計算方式相當複雜且誤差不易控制。特別是住宅建築單戶人口數差異大，且住戶人口密度將影響用水效率，因此推估之建築總用水量難免誤差較大。為求統一評估方法與基準，本研究採用建築樓地板單位面積用水量為計算基準，同時確認建築物之使用人員密度與建築之使用類型與功能之明確關係。
(三)蒙地卡羅方法(MCS)
根據建築用水基準量之分析方法，確立建築用水量評估之推導公式，運用蒙地卡羅亂數模擬分析方法來進行案例模擬分佈與誤差修正。一般住宅類或其他類建築用水評估，在無個別水錶量測資料的前提下，完整資料取得不易，常有部份資料缺失之情況發生，故研擬從實際案例中找出各種用水設備及設施間之變因關係，以此建構模擬模型，配合蒙地卡羅採樣方式以大量產生模擬案例之方式代替實驗取得相關數據。接著制定出評估方式後可對各種類型建築進行用水評估，未來可作為政府部門決策評估，建築師規劃應用，產業界技術選擇及相關學術研究等，在推動建築耗水標示與建築系統規劃應用方面之參考。
三、重要發現
一直以來建築物的合理用水量設計是世界各國持續在探討之課題，而要解決這個問題的最有效方式，則是透過推估模式及分級制度評估標示建築物正確用水量，再透過評估結果調整建築生活用水設備上之節水設計，提升用水效率以達成節約建築耗水之目標。本研究接軌綠建築標章制度水資源節水指標評估項目，研提契合時宜之建築物用水分級評估模式與標示系統，為有效落實建築物節水標準化，參採國際上目前所提出之相關節水模式並設立建築用水分級評估標示之制度推動，透過國內外節水模式及標章制度之相關文獻彙整，探討如何有效達到建築節水並配合我國綠建築與近零能源建築系統發展策略。研究成果彙整簡要分述如下：
(1)完成國內外既有節能減碳及綠建築水資源課題之相關研究文獻成果，掌握計算及評估建築物水資源利用的方法與工具，驗證水資源的消耗與永續環境議題的密切關係。
(2)完成延續綠建築節水量化評估模型，推估台灣地區落實節水策略之量化潛力，同時探討開發透過建築節水設計來配合節能減碳政策之可行技術與策略。
(3)完成各類型建築物節水標示基準與近零耗水建築量化評估模式之建立與驗證，探討各類型建築物節水系統設計或節水設備技術改善的可行方案。
(4)完成各種建築用水設備系統節水之量化效益，確實掌握各類型建築物之節水潛力，研提建築節水標示與水資源政策繼續推動之執行策略與建議，促成國人節水意願之提升，使台灣在未來能順利邁入節水型的社會。
四、主要建議事項
根據上述研究發現，本研究針對我國綠建築水資源效率及節水評估提出具體之方案，整理成下列幾項具體建議事項：
建議一
持續進行各類型建築進行建築節水與水資源規劃之技術相關研究，以利連結我國氣候變遷減緩調適政策與2050年零碳排路徑之發展:立即可行建議
主辦機關:內政部建築研究所
協辦機關: 財團法人台灣建築中心
協助執行2050近零排放政策，建議持續進行各類型建築進行建築節水與水資源規劃之技術與建築物用水與碳排放關係相關研究，並評估納入綠建築評估手冊之可行性，可作為設計及施工單位參考依據或供民眾參考使用，以利加強推廣，協助國家2050年零排放政策之法令施行。
建議二
結合國內綠建築標章制度水資源評估指標及現行建築能耗評估標示制度系統，積極鼓勵推動近零耗水建築評估與規劃: 中長期建議
主辦機關:內政部建築研究所
協辦機關: 財團法人台灣建築中心
建議可參採國際上歐美等先進國家近/(淨)零耗水建築推動模式。規劃建立綠建築水資源標示系統，結合國內現行綠建築標章制度水資源評估指標，鼓勵推動近零耗水建築評估與建築節水。另延續我國綠建築政策及推廣成果，開發建築水資源利用開源節流技術及協助建築節水推動執行，使台灣在未來能順利邁入節水型的社會。

1.Introduction
Under the sustainable development goal of zero emission in the world, zero or near-zero energy buildings have become the policy goals pursued by all countries, and the utilization of water resources in buildings will eventually aim at zero or near-zero water consumption. The government has formulated a sustainable policy goal of zero emissions by 2050, the building energy labeling system has been promulgated and implemented, and the water resource labeling system should also be launched to keep up with the national policy. Near-Zero Water Consumption Building (nZWB) means a water-saving green building with low water consumption, using the rainwater and reclaimed water recycling system set up in the building to achieve self-sufficiency. After the two are offset, the water consumption is close to zero. . The implementation of near-zero water consumption buildings must be based on the system of quantitative assessment and labelling of building water consumption, and a simplified and reliable building water resource assessment method must be established for implementation and promotion. This project intends to continue the concept and operation logic of the green building assessment and energy labeling system, analyze the water consumption density per unit area of various buildings, and establish a building water resource labeling assessment method and water-saving technology application strategy based on a reasonable and correct building water consumption benchmark. Through literature review, the technical specifications and research results of relevant domestic and foreign building water consumption estimation and design are collected, and the reasonable method of building water consumption estimation is correctly grasped. Discuss the definition of building water resource labeling and the calculation method of water-saving benefit evaluation, introduce the planning technology of rainwater and reclaimed water recycling, and establish the standard situation and evaluation benchmark of building near-zero water consumption.
2.Research methods and processes
This research intends to use the building water density WUI (Water Unit Intensity) as the indicator benchmark. First, we will investigate the construction cases including residential buildings and other types of buildings in Taiwan, and use statistical theory to analyze the relevant influencing factors to use the Monte Carlo random number. Simulation (Monte Carlo Simulation, MCS) and inductive empirical correction methods are used to analyze the water consumption density per building area and verify the theoretical water consumption estimation method, and specifically define the near-building water consumption index and marking benchmark.
(1)Literature review and analysis
Collect domestic and foreign literatures, research reports, journals and papers related to the research as the basic data of this research, and use the "literature review and analysis" to summarize and analyze to find out the evaluation index groups related to water saving and water rating and the original items of the project. The evaluation factor serves as the theoretical basis for the building water consumption evaluation index and marking benchmark.
(2)WUI indicator of benchmark water consumption for construction
This study uses the WUI water consumption analysis method as the calculation basis of the research method. There are many calculation methods for benchmark water consumption of various types of buildings. At present, there are existing literature and the current estimation methods of equipment technicians. Most of them use the effective floor area to convert the number of users, and then The per capita unit water consumption is determined according to the usage characteristics of the users in this type of building site to estimate the water consumption. This estimation method is quite complicated and the error is not easy to control. In particular, the number of single-family population in residential buildings varies greatly, and the density of households will affect water use efficiency. Therefore, the estimated total water consumption of buildings will inevitably have large errors. However, in order to achieve a unified evaluation method and benchmark, the benchmark for the unit area of the building floor is used for calculation. , The density of people in the building is closely related to the use type and functional nature of the building.
(3)Monte Carlo method (MCS)
In the previous stage, the analysis method of "Basic Quantity of Building Water" will be used to establish the water derivation method of building water assessment research, and the "Monte Carlo method" will be used for case error detection. For general residential or other building water use assessments, it is difficult to obtain complete data without the installation of individual testing hardware, and some data are often missing. In order to construct a simulation model, a large number of simulation cases are generated to obtain relevant data in lieu of experiments in conjunction with the Monte Carlo sampling method. Then, after formulating the evaluation method, various types of buildings can be evaluated for water use. In the future, it can be used as a unit for government decision-making evaluation, architect planning application, industrial technology selection and related academic research to promote building water consumption labeling and building system planning and application. and other references.
3.Research results
The reasonable water consumption design of buildings has been a topic that countries around the world continue to discuss, and the most effective way to solve this problem is to evaluate and mark the correct water consumption of buildings through estimation models and grading systems, and then adjust the buildings through the evaluation results. The water-saving design of domestic water equipment improves water efficiency and saves water consumption in buildings. This research is in line with the water resources and water saving index evaluation project of the green building label system, and develops a suitable building water grading evaluation model and marking system. To promote the establishment of a system of building water grade assessment and labeling, through the compilation of relevant documents on domestic and foreign water-saving models and labeling systems, to discuss how to effectively achieve building water-saving and to cooperate with my country's green building and near-zero energy building system development strategies. A brief summary of the research results is as follows:Complete the collection of domestic and foreign water-saving and near-zero water-consumption building related policy goals and promotion practices.
(1)Complete domestic and foreign research literature related to energy conservation and carbon reduction and green building water resources, master the methods and tools for calculating and evaluating building water resources, and verify the close relationship between water consumption and sustainable environmental issues .
(2)Complete the continuation of the green building water saving quantitative assessment model, estimate the quantitative potential of implementing water saving strategies in Taiwan, and explore the development of feasible technologies and strategies for energy saving and carbon reduction policies through building water saving.
(3)Complete the establishment and verification of water-saving labeling benchmarks for various types of buildings and quantitative assessment models for buildings with near-zero water consumption, and explore feasible solutions for water-saving system design or technical improvement of water-saving equipment for various types of buildings.
(4)Complete the quantitative benefits of water saving in various building water equipment systems, truly grasp the water saving potential of various types of buildings, develop building water saving labels and implementation strategies and suggestions for the continued promotion of water resources policies, promote the improvement of Chinese people's willingness to save water, and enable Taiwan In the future, we can smoothly enter a water-saving society.
4.Main recommendations
According to the above research findings, this research puts forward specific plans for the water resource efficiency and water saving assessment of green buildings in my country, and organizes them into the following specific recommendations:
A.Immediate and Actionable Recommendations.
Complete the green building water saving quantitative assessment system, establish a green building water resource labeling system, and propose to include it in the 2050 Zero Emission Policy Implementation Strategy Review.
Organizer:Institute of Architecture, Ministry of the Interior
Co-organizer:Construction Department of the Ministry of the Interior
Complete the quantitative benefits of water saving in various building water equipment systems, truly grasp the water saving potential of various types of buildings, establish a green building water resource labeling system, and develop implementation strategies and suggestions for continuous promotion of feasible technologies for building water resources utilization The improvement will enable Taiwan to smoothly enter a water-saving society in the future.
B.Medium and Long-term Recommendations
Planning and handling of the green building assessment manual, water resource labeling system, strengthening publicity and explanations, to facilitate the promotion of laws and regulations.
Organizer: Institute of Architecture, Ministry of the Interior
Co-organizer: Construction Administration, Ministry of the Interior
Assist the ASD to implement the 2050 zero-emission policy, compile guidelines for water system design in the Green Building Assessment Manual, and strengthen promotion instructions to promote the application of building water-saving design systems, the concept of near-zero water-consumption buildings, and the feasible technologies and design strategies for building water resources to increase energy and reduce waste. As a reference for design and construction units, or for reference by the industry or the public, to assist in the implementation of government policy and regulations.