中華民國內政部建築研究所中華民國內政部建築研究所

一、計畫緣起
我國於民國107年進入高齡社會，民國114年將為超高齡社會。根據內政部不動產資訊平台統計資料，全國僅65歲以上高齡者居住之住宅數量已超過65萬宅，其中獨居宅數接近50萬宅。高齡者隨著年齡增加而產生機能老化與衰退，進而造成日常生活上的不方便與危險。幫助高齡者在面臨身體機能老化問題前考量其需求，事先協助在居住空間導入智慧化居家安全與監測防護設備，對提昇國內因應在宅老化高齡者之居住環境安全極為重要。
在我國「高齡社會白皮書」業已提到提升高齡者住宅之智慧科技應用，其中重要的是安全防護的問題。國內對於高齡者居住環境之確保，僅依據「老人住宅綜合管理要點」、「建築技術規則」建築設計施工編第16章及「老人住宅基本設施及設備規劃設計規範」來要求。為因應國內高齡者住宅數量勢必逐年增加，本研究以智慧化設施設備，來滿足高齡者居家安全與監測防護的需求，能達到高齡照顧政策推動之效果。本研究成果預期可提供給政府及高齡照護相關產業之參考。
二、研究方法及過程
本計畫採用文獻回顧法、現場調查與專家訪談分析、專家諮詢會議、情境設計及系統雛形之建立及測試等方法，建立『高齡者智慧居家環境安全監測防護系統』。
三、重要發現
綜合本計畫之相關探討，本研究發現高齡者的問題包含：
A.損失社會身份地位，面臨危機。
B.提早退休、收入偏低。
C.社會價值下降、心理不安。
D.老人之生存意義模糊不清。
E.擔心健康衰退乏人照顧。
F.損失家族親友，情緒不寧。
G.缺乏適當之居住環境，易受他人侵犯。
H.老年人性愛需求，遭到社會歧視。
I.老人生理退化，營養不良。
J.老人虐待與疏忽問題。
智慧化的居住環境規劃設計有以下八大原則：
A.動線：提供明顯且順暢的動線。
B.自主：從旁支援長輩自立生活。
C.尊重：規劃專屬空間給每個人。
D.安心：營造出安心的居家氛圍。
E.提示：凸顯環境中重要的訊息。
F.互動：提供與外界交流的媒介。
G.掌握：暗中記錄日常生活數據。
H.彈性：隨時可變動的空間規劃。
四、『高齡者智慧居家環境安全監測防護系統』之開發
本計畫透過物聯網等技術，開發『高齡者智慧居家環境安全監測防護系統』，透過控制板、相關感知元件及被控制設施之連結，及控制軟體之開發，建立『高齡者智慧居家環境安全監測防護系統』架構，並且予相關被控制設備，以及Line通訊等之設定，提出一可供參考之智慧高齡者居家環境安全監測防護機制。本研究系統主要分為控制板、居家環境感知元件及可控設施三大類說明如下：
(一)、控制板
(1)Arduino控制板
(2)D1 Mini板控制板
(3)Webduino版
(二)、高齡者居家環境感知元件
A.一氧化碳感知器
B.火焰感測器
C.DHT11溫度感知器
D.MQ-8天然氣甲烷感測器
(三)、高齡者居家環境可控制設施
A.繼電器
B.瓦斯切斷器
C.大門電子門鎖
D.電動門弓器
E.警報器
F.LCD液晶顯示模組
G.IFTTT (IF This Then That)
H.Line通報系統
I.電動開窗器
J.風扇
本『高齡者智慧居家環境安全監測防護系統』，當偵測到一氧化碳濃度過高時，系統會啟動警報器閃警示燈及聲響、啟動風扇、啟動開窗器、啟動瓦斯切斷器、手機會接收到Line通報，且大門門鎖會被打開、大門門扇也會被打開，以利人員入屋協助滅火。當感知器偵測到火光、瓦斯或溫度過高時，系統會執行瓦斯切斷、Line通報及打開大門門鎖，以利人員入屋協助滅火。
五、安裝獨居長者常態行為模式蒐集感知器
本研究為了蒐集高齡者的起居作息等相關資料，以匯集做後續研究分析及應用，共安裝了以下之物聯網相關設施：
A.多功能智慧監控告警控制主機及PIR人體熱紅外感測器
B.門磁感測器
C.瓦斯天然氣+一氧化碳二合一偵測器
D.瓦斯切斷器
六、蒐集適用於高齡者居家安全設備相關資料
本研究經相關文獻回顧、專家訪問及現場訪視，及專家諮詢會議後，針對高齡者居家安全設備包含可雙向通話監控錄影裝置、火災煙感探測器、瓦斯及一氧化碳濃度偵測器、PIR無線紅外線人體探測器、無線門磁感測器、溫溼度偵測器、智慧聲控主機、智慧門鎖+無線網路盒+控制器、瓦斯遮斷機閥控制器、緊急求救鈴等。高齡者智慧居家安全設備分為三種版本，相關配套方案及經費如下所述： 
方案一：高齡者智慧居家安全設備經濟版，成本含安裝費用及稅金約70,063元。
方案二：高齡者智慧居家安全設備建議版，成本含安裝費用及稅金約92,703元。
方案三：高齡者智慧居家安全設備完整版，成本含安裝費用及稅金約116,623元。
七、高齡者居住空間導入智慧安全防護設備之建置原則
本研究對於高齡者居住空間導入智慧安全防護設備之建置有以下之建置建議：
A.考量使用者的健康狀態。
B.高齡者居住場域的友善度及無障礙設計。
C.建築物的通訊設施。
D.建築物屋齡及佈線。
E.高齡者使用的電器設備及爐具種類及狀況調查。
F.選擇合適的感測設備及其安裝位置。
G.後端醫療或管理單位的資源調查及相關事件聯繫對象之確認。
H.感知器資料收集及警戒閥值的設定。
I.有無裝設攜帶式感測設備之意願以及雙向溝通方式。
八、結論
我國於2018年已經進入高齡社會，且全國65歲以上高齡者之住宅數量已超過65萬宅。這些高齡者隨著年紀增加都有老化之現象，在日常生活上會有很多的不方便與危險。高齡者的生活與居住空間安全問題日漸增多，包含：(1).大多長者因退休後不再有固定收入，整體可支配生活費用偏低，且體能狀況日漸低落，由健康逐漸退化為亞健康，甚至失能狀況，對居家設施設備，尤其使用火器烹飪之操作與回應較為遲鈍;老化加上居住環境亦大多屬老舊建物，使用維護更需注意安全問題。(2).高齡者因提早退休自覺損失社會身份地位與社會價值導致心理不安。尤其未與家屬同住之獨居或老老同住長者， 甚至有生存意義不再清晰等諸多憂慮，對居家環境之熟悉度降低，導致跌倒受傷問題亦日益增多。
如何幫助高齡者在面臨身體老化問題時考量其日常生活需求，設法在居住空間導入有山無障礙環境之改善，及智慧化居家安全與監測防護設備，以提昇在宅老化高齡者之生活品質及居住環境安全， 確屬當前面對高齡少子化趨勢必須重視之問題。
本計畫使用智慧化設施設備及結合物聯網元件建構了『高齡者智慧居家環境安全監測防護系統』雛形，驗證了居住空間在CO濃度太高、天然瓦斯外洩、有火災發生之虞時，能自動啟動聲光警報、關閉天然瓦斯供氣、發布緊急Line通報、開啟大門門鎖，以供社區物業管理公司、照顧團體，或救護人員入屋協助處理緊急狀況。同時對於獨居或老老同住長者，亦可經由感知器作動紀錄監測其日常生活作息常態資訊，經數據採集分析，建立生活常模，以偵測高齡長者生存與活動異常狀況，必要時可作雙向溝通確認，或通知家屬及後端照護機構， 作必要之緊急救援。
為了在居住空間導入智慧化居家安全與監測防護設備，本研究彙整了目前市面上可購得的成熟智慧居家安全監測設備，試安裝了市面上某公司的多功能智慧監控告警控制主機、PIR人體熱紅外感測器、門磁感測器及瓦斯切斷器等在高齡者居家中，並成功獲得這些智慧設施的感知作動紀錄資料，經檢視其感知與預期監測功能均能正常的運作，經評估高齡者居住空間導入智慧安全防護設備應具可行性，可作為後續推動高齡者居家安全照護之參考。
本研究並彙整參與研究計畫之某公司既有之智慧化居家安全與監測防護設備，將其設備名稱、功能說明及購置安裝成本都彙整在4.4.2節的表4.4至表4.7中，並依據不同需要將這些智慧化居家安全與監測防護設備歸類成經濟版、建議版及完整版等三種版本，供需要的高齡長者可依其居住環境及個人需要自由搭配選購，各項智慧裝置的建議安裝位置也繪製在圖4.33中供安裝時參考。
智慧安全防護設備導入高齡者居住空間的建置原則，必須考量使用者的健康狀態、高齡者居住場域的友善度及無障礙設計、建築物的通訊設施、建築物屋齡及佈線、使用的電器設備和爐具種類等，本研究並已彙整於第4.6節，供後續推動智慧安全防護設備導入高齡者居住空間時之參考。
本「高齡者居住空間導入智慧安全防護設備之研究」計畫，有以下之貢獻：
A.蒐集國內外高齡者住宅之智慧化設備案例與其運用項目。
B.依據高齡者之需求開發『高齡者智慧居家環境安全監測防護系統』雛形，並驗證其系統功能。
C.蒐集彙整市面上成熟智慧居家安全監測設備，並安裝市面上某公司的智慧居家安全監測設備在高齡者家中，並檢視感知器作動紀錄及確認其運作功能。
D.彙整適用於智慧化居家安全與監測防護設備的產品，將設備名稱、功能及價格都彙整成表，並依不同需要將這些智慧化居家安全與監測防護設備歸類成三種版本供參考選購。
E.本計畫繪製智慧裝置的建議安裝位置供安裝之參考，也將這些智慧安全防護設備導入高齡者居住空間的建置原則彙整於報告中，供導入智慧安全防護設備在高齡者居住空間時之參考。
九、建議事項
本計畫綜合上述研究過程，彙整專家意見及研究成果，提出下列具體建議事項：
(一)、建議一：
進行高齡者居住空間導入智慧安全防護設備之推廣，以增加高齡者居家安全之確保：立即可行建議。
主辦單位：財團法人台灣建築中心
協辦單位：內政部建築研究所
本研究彙整了國內外高齡者居住空間既有之智慧化設施設備項目及其運用案例，開發並驗證『高齡者智慧居家環境安全監測防護系統』之功能。並在高齡者家中安裝參與研究之某公司智慧居家安全監測設備，檢視了雲端感知器作動紀錄及確認運作功能。本研究彙整了適用於高齡者居家使用中的智慧化居家安全與監測防護設備的產品，彙整成三種智慧化居家安全與監測防護設備模式，包含建置原則與建議安裝位置圖示，以及設備項目、功能及參考價格，供長者依需要建置。供推行導入智慧安全防護設備在高齡者居住空間時之參考。
(二)、建議二：進行智慧家居技術在高齡者住宅應用之研究：短期建議
主辦機關：內政部建築研究所
協辦機關：財團法人台灣建築中心
建議未來可對智慧家居技術在高齡者住宅中的應用進行研究，提出如何獲得更好的生活品質、安全保障、節能及性別友善的活動空間進行相關研究。

I.Origin of the plan
Taiwan has entered an elderly society in 2018, and will become a super-aged society in 2025. According to statistics from the real estate information platform of the Ministry of Interior, the number of residential properties inhabited by senior citizens over 65 across the country has exceeded 650,000, of which the number of single-family homes is close to 500,000. As the elderly age, their functions will age and decline, causing inconvenience and danger in daily life. Helping the elderly consider their needs before they face the problem of aging body functions, and assisting in the introduction of smart home safety and monitoring and protection equipment in the living space in advance is extremely important to improve the safety of the domestic environment for the elderly who are aging at home
In Taiwan’s “White Paper on Aging Society”, it has been mentioned to improve the application of smart technology in the residences of the elderly, and the most important issue is safety protection. Domestic requirements for ensuring the living environment for the elderly are only based on the “Key Points of Comprehensive Management of Elderly Residential Housing”, “Building Technical Rules”, Chapter 16 of the Architectural Design and Construction Section, and “Planning and Design Specifications for Basic Facilities and Equipment of Elderly Residential Residential Housing”. In response to the fact that the number of residences for the elderly in Taiwan is bound to increase year by year, this study uses intelligent facilities and equipment to meet the needs of the elderly for home safety and monitoring and protection, and can achieve the effect of promoting elderly care policies. The results of this research are expected to provide reference to the government and elderly care-related industries.
II.Research methods and processes
This project uses methods such as literature review, on-site investigation and expert interview analysis, expert consultation meetings, scenario design, and establishment and testing of system prototypes to establish a “Smart Home Environment Safety Monitoring and Protection System for the Elderly”.
III.Important findings
Based on the relevant discussions in this study, this study found that the problems of the elderly include:
A. Loss of social status and facing crisis.
B. Early retirement and low income.
C. Decreased social value and psychological uneasiness.
D. The meaning of existence of the elderly is unclear.
E. Worry about declining health and lack of care.
F. Lost family members and friends, and was emotionally disturbed.
G. Lack of proper living environment and vulnerable to infringement by others.
H. The elderly have sexual needs and are discriminated against by society.
I. The elderly suffer from physiological degeneration and malnutrition.
J. Elder abuse and neglect issues.
Smart living environment planning and design has the following eight principles:
A. Movement lines: Provide obvious and smooth movement lines.
B. Autonomy: Support elders to live independently.
C. Respect: Plan a dedicated space for everyone.
D. Peace of mind: Create a peaceful home atmosphere.
E. Tip: Highlight important information in the environment.
F. Interaction: Provides a medium for communication with the outside world.
G. Mastery: secretly record daily life data.
H. Flexibility: Space planning that can be changed at any time.
IV.Development of “Smart Senior Home Environment Safety Monitoring and Protection System”
This project uses technologies such as the Internet of Things to develop a “Smart Home Environment Safety Monitoring and Protection System for the Elderly”. Through the connection of control panels, related sensing components and controlled facilities, and the development of control software, a “Smart Home Environment Safety Monitoring and Protection System for the Elderly” has be developed. System structure, and based on the settings of related controlled equipment and Line communications, propose a reference for smart seniors' home environment safety monitoring and protection mechanism. This research system is mainly divided into three categories: control panels, home environment sensing components and controllable facilities, which are described as follows:
(1). Control panel
A. Arduino control board
B. D1Mini board control board
C. Webduino version
(2). Home environment sensing components for the elderly
A. Carbon monoxide sensor
B. Flame sensor
C. DHT11 temperature sensor
D. MQ-8 natural gas methane sensor
(3). Facilities for controlling the home environment of the elderly
A. Relay
B. Gas cutter
C. Gate electronic door lock
D. Electric door bow
E. Siren
F. LCD liquid crystal display module
G. IFTTT (IF This Then That)
H. Line notification system
I. Electric window opener
J. Fan
This “Smart Home Environment Safety Monitoring and Protection System for the Elderly”, when it detects that the carbon monoxide concentration is too high, the system will activate the alarm, flash the warning light and sound, activate the fan, activate the window opener, activate the gas cutoff, and the mobile phone will receive Report to Line, and the door lock will be unlocked and the door leaf will be opened to facilitate personnel to enter the house to help put out the fire. When the sensor detects fire, gas or excessive temperature, the system will cut off the gas, make a Line notification and open the door lock to facilitate personnel to enter the house to help put out the fire.
V.Install sensors to collect normal behavior patterns of elderly people living alone
In order to collect relevant information on the daily life and rest of the elderly for subsequent research analysis and application, this study installed the following Internet of Things related facilities:
A.Multifunctional intelligent monitoring and alarm control host and PIR human body thermal infrared sensor.
B.Door sensor.
C.Gas natural gas + carbon monoxide two-in-one detector.
D.Gas cutter.
VI.Collect relevant information on home safety equipment suitable for the elderly
After a review of relevant literature, expert interviews, on-site visits, and expert consultation meetings, this study determined that home safety equipment for the elderly includes two-way call monitoring and video devices, fire smoke detectors, gas and carbon monoxide concentration detectors, and PIR wireless devices. Infrared human body detector, wireless door sensor, temperature and humidity detector, little black housekeeper, two-circuit bilateral control wall switch, smart door lock + wireless network box + controller, gas interrupter valve controller, emergency Distress bell, supporting track for curtain motor + curtain motor unit, etc. The relevant supporting programs are as follows:
Plan 1: Economic version of smart home security equipment for seniors, the cost including installation fees and taxes is about NT$ 70,063.
Plan 2: The recommended version of smart home security equipment for the elderly, the cost including installation fees and taxes is about NT$  92,703.
Plan 3: The complete version of smart home security equipment for the elderly, the cost including installation fees and taxes is approximately NT$ 116,623.
VII.Principles for the introduction of smart safety protection equipment into the living space of the elderly
This study provides the following suggestions for the installation of smart safety protection equipment in the living spaces of the elderly:
A.Consider the user's health status.
B.Friendliness and barrier-free design of the residential area for the elderly.
C.Building communications facilities.
D.Building age and wiring.
E.Survey on the types and conditions of electrical equipment and stoves used by the elderly.
F.Select the appropriate sensing device and its installation location.
G.Resource investigation of back-end medical or management units and confirmation of contact persons for related events.
H.Sensor data collection and warning threshold setting.
I.Whether there is a willingness to install portable sensing equipment and a two-way communication method.
VIII. Conclusion
Taiwan has entered an elderly society in 2018, and the number of residences for people over 65 years old nationwide has exceeded 650,000. These elderly people are aging as they oldness, and they will have a lot of inconveniences and dangers in their daily lives. The elderly have increasing problems regarding the safety of their lives and living spaces, including: (1). Most elderly people no longer have a fixed income after retirement, their overall disposable living expenses are low, and their physical condition is declining, and their health gradually deteriorates to sub-optimal health. People with health, or even disability, are slow to operate and respond to home facilities and equipment, especially the use of firearms for cooking; aging and the living environment are mostly old buildings, so more attention must be paid to safety issues during use and maintenance. (2). Elderly people consciously lose social status and social value due to early retirement, resulting in psychological uneasiness. In particular, elderly people who live alone or who do not live with their family members may even have many worries such as the meaning of survival is no longer clear, and their familiarity with the home environment has decreased, resulting in an increasing number of falls and injuries.
How to help the elderly consider their daily needs when facing physical aging problems, and try to introduce mountainous barrier-free environment improvements into the living space, as well as smart home safety and monitoring and protection equipment, to improve the quality of life and accommodation of the aging elderly at home. Environmental safety is indeed an issue that must be paid attention to in the face of the current trend of aging and low birthrate.
This project uses smart facilities and equipment and combines IoT components to build a prototype of a "smart home environment safety monitoring and protection system for the elderly". It has verified that when the CO concentration in the living space is too high, natural gas leaks, and there is a risk of fire, It can automatically activate audible and visual alarms, shut off natural gas supply, issue emergency line notifications, and unlock door locks to allow community property management companies, care groups, or ambulance personnel to enter the house to assist in emergency situations. At the same time, for the elderly who live alone or who live together, we can also monitor their daily routine information. After data collection and analysis, we can establish life norms to detect abnormal conditions in the elderly's survival and activities. If necessary, we can conduct two-way communication to confirm. Or notify family members and back-end care institutions to provide necessary emergency rescue.
In order to introduce smart home security and monitoring and protection equipment into the living space, this study compiled the mature smart home security monitoring equipment currently available on the market, and tried to install a multi-functional smart monitoring and alarm control host and PIR from a company on the market. Human body thermal infrared sensors, door magnetic sensors and gas cut-off devices are installed in the homes of elderly people, and the operation data of these smart facilities have been successfully obtained. After inspection, their sensing and expected monitoring functions can operate normally. After evaluation, It should be feasible to introduce smart safety protection equipment into the living space of the elderly, which can be used as a reference for subsequent promotion of home safety care for the elderly.
This study also summarizes the existing smart home security and monitoring protection equipment of a company participating in the research project. Its equipment name, function description, and purchase and installation costs are summarized in Tables 4.4 – 4.7 in Section 4.4.2, and based on According to different needs, these smart home security and monitoring protection equipment are classified into three versions: economic version, recommended version and full version. Elderly people in need can freely choose and buy according to their living environment and personal needs. Various smart devices The recommended installation location of the device is also drawn in Figure 4.33 for reference during installation.
The construction principle of introducing smart safety protection equipment into the living space of the elderly must take into account the health status of the users, the friendliness and barrier-free design of the living area for the elderly, the communication facilities of the building, the age of the building and wiring, and the use of This study has summarized the types of electrical equipment and stoves in Section 4.6 for future reference when promoting the introduction of smart safety protection equipment into the living spaces of the elderly.
This "Research on the Introduction of Intelligent Safety Protection Equipment in Living Spaces for the Elderly" project has the following contributions:
A.Collect cases and application projects of smart equipment in senior housing at home and abroad.
B.Develop a prototype of the “Smart Home Environment Safety Monitoring and Protection System for the Elderly” based on the needs of the elderly, and verify its system functions.
C.Collect and compile mature smart home security monitoring equipment on the market, install smart home security monitoring equipment from a certain company on the market in the homes of the elderly, and check and confirm its operating functions.
D.Collect products suitable for smart home security and monitoring and protection equipment, compile the device names, functions and prices into a table, and classify these smart home security and monitoring and protection equipment into three versions according to different needs For reference purchase.
E.This plan draws the recommended installation locations of smart devices for reference. It also summarizes the construction principles of these smart safety protection equipment into the living spaces of the elderly in the report for the introduction of smart safety protection equipment into the living spaces of the elderly. Time reference.
IX. Suggestions
This plan combines the above research process, compiles expert opinions and research results, and puts forward the following specific recommendations:
(1) Suggestion 1
Promote the introduction of smart safety protection equipment into the living spaces of the elderly to ensure the home safety of the elderly: immediate and actionable suggestions.
Organizer: Taiwan Architecture Center
Co-organizer: Architectural Research Institute of the Ministry of Interior
This study compiled the existing smart facilities and equipment projects in the elderly’s living space at home and abroad and their application cases, and developed and verified the functions of the “Smart Home Environment Safety Monitoring and Protection System for the Elderly”. We also installed smart home security monitoring equipment from a company participating in the study in the homes of senior citizens, and checked the cloud data collection records and confirmed operation functions. This study summarizes the products of smart home security and monitoring and protection equipment suitable for the elderly’s home use, and organizes them into three models of smart home security and monitoring and protection equipment, including construction principles and recommended installation location diagrams. As well as equipment items, functions and reference prices for the elderly to build according to their needs. For reference when promoting the introduction of smart safety protection equipment in the living spaces of the elderly.
 (2) Suggestion 2: Conduct research on the application of smart home technology in the residences of the elderly: short-term suggestions
Sponsoring organization: Architectural Research Institute of the Ministry of Interior
Co-organizer: Taiwan Architecture Center
It is recommended that in the future, the application of smart home technology in the residences of the elderly can be studied, and related research on how to obtain better quality of life, safety and security, energy saving and gender-friendly activity space can be proposed.