中華民國內政部建築研究所中華民國內政部建築研究所

一、研究緣起
在快速經濟發展與都市化的狀況下，城市中的水泥建築、不透水鋪面以及因各類經濟活動形成的高密度開發，使得工廠、住宅等各類型建築排碳、排熱的強度逐漸增加，進一步造成整體環境的調節失衡。據分析研究指出，在極端情況下，大台北盆地都市中心的溫差最高可達5.4度，顯見都市熱島問題十分嚴重。臺灣城市的人口密度高，快速都市化的過程造就高
密度開發之建成環境，並減少了都市空地及綠地空間的面積，再再使得都市通風能力下降。
為型塑良好的都市通風，最早的城市通風地圖由德國司圖斯特於2008年制定，並於近年逐漸受到重視並借鏡至世界各主要城市。規劃建立良好的城市風廊除可減緩熱島效應、有效解決都市霧霾累積問題，並於城市規劃設計時減少都市整體碳排量，對於我國2050淨零碳排目標有實質上的助益。而我國主要直轄市也十分重視此一問題，紛紛就政策面及執行面進行檢討及因應，故提出通用之都市風廊分析工具為刻不容緩之工作。
二、研究方法及過程
本研究旨在整合大量數據資料，且以中尺度WRF模式配合小尺度CFD模擬精準分析都市內通風特性，建立都市風廊分析技術之架構與流程，並建置都市風廊地理資訊查詢系統。使用者可透過建置之都市風廊地理資訊查詢系統，提供局部區域氣象站風速統計數據分析結果、盛行風風向及平均風速、地表粗糙度、都市熱島強度等資訊，最後分析並呈現都市主、次要風廊以及通風分區。
本計畫為建立都市風廊規畫分析用之工具，規劃「臺灣都市通風地圖」(TaiwanUrbanVentilationMap；TUVM)(以下稱本系統)之系統圖層架構，以及發展系統雛形。本系統包含以下部分：
一、氣象站風速風向資料及韋伯函數
(1)研究區近10年氣象站資料蒐集；
(2)自動測站資料補遺；
(3)風速風向資料統計分析。
二、都市通風地圖之主次要風廊
(1)最新研究區三維建築模型資料蒐集；
(2)圖資轉換與網格化技術建立與都市紋理分析；
(3)主次要風廊定義與分析。
三、行政區網格化盛行風風速；
(1)行政區模擬區域劃分；
(2)建築3D模型轉換；
(3)盛行風風向模擬與資料擷取分析；
四、熱島強度圖層
(1)研究區近5年衛星空照圖資料蒐集；
(2)TCCIP溫度資料蒐集；
(3)熱島強度指標分析。
最後整合工作為將數據與地圖系統彙整至TUVM系統、通風地圖應用策略分析、期末報告、成果報告等。執行期間另舉辦專家座談會，以徵詢學者專家對本案之建議。
三、結論
本研究為建立都市風廊規畫分析用之工具，規劃「臺灣都市通風地圖」(TUVM；TaiwanUbanVentilationMap)。針對大台北盆地建築及人口密集區域產製都市通風評估所需資訊並進行試作，資訊涵蓋包含台北市：松山區、信義區、大安區、中山區、中正區、大同區、萬華區、士林區；新北市：板橋區、三重區、中和區、永和區、新莊區、蘆洲區、泰山區、五股區。在整合類神經網路、CFD模擬、中尺度大氣模式、衛星紅外線波段反演、都市紋理分析、地理資訊系統等技術後，產製包含都市通風規劃資訊及圖層。綜合研究成果，並檢視預期成果效益後，可歸納以下幾點結論：
(1)本研究建置TUVM網站，並匯入包含區域風速風向資訊、都市熱島資訊、建築紋理資訊、都市風場資訊等四大區塊資料，提供一個快速查詢平台供相關人員取得都市通風規劃資訊。
(2)本研究進行過程中，進行了多項驗證以及分析工作，包含所取得風速資料的正確性、擴增衛星資料的代表性、確認都市紋理分析方法，確保相關資訊能合理表現研究區的各項物理機制，對於風廊評估後的效益提供保障。
(3)參考國際主要高密度都市作法，建立局部區域開發通風評估方法，研議3種維持區域通風的要求，作為都市開發或規劃時，考量都市通風之評估參考。
(4)在TUVM系統的概述以及應用流程中，讓使用者可以認識提供的各項資訊內容說明，可依據本系統功能內容變化，修正或擴增說明內容，並進一步整合此部分資訊至網站系統中。
(5)參考國際上主要城市管制原則，並參考國內都市樣態後，初步擬定適於我國之管制原則。未來在持續完善本系統的同時，針對管制原則進行修正，並與社會各界達成共識，推出可行且有效的管制手段。
四、建議
建議一
立即可行建議：TUVM推廣應用
主辦機關：內政部國土管理署、內政部建築研究所、國立臺灣科技大學
協辦機關：中華民國風工程學會
本計畫建立都市風廊規畫分析用之工具，規劃「臺灣都市通風地圖」(TUVM；TaiwanUbanVentilationMap)，並套用大台北盆地區域之行政區之分析資料，提供包含區域風速風向資訊、都市熱島資訊、建築紋理資訊、都市風場資訊等。後續應可推廣此技術應用至我國主要都市進行分析，前期目標以六都建築人口密集區域為對象，未來可因應地方需求進行特定區域進行分析，提供各縣市政府都市設計審議或都市規劃之參考。
建議二
中長期建議：研訂風廊管制原則
主辦機關：內政部國土管理署、內政部建築研究所
協辦機關：各縣市政府都市發展局或城鄉發展局、國立臺灣科技大
學、中華民國風工程學會
本研究建立整合技術指認都市風廊，而劃定風廊後管制手段牽涉到人民權益以及地方政府都市規劃。如綠地保留或限制開發，以及限制建蔽率、容積率、道路退縮等手段能形塑風廊，但也對於土地使用帶來了限制。風廊區的管制也需要因地制宜，此部分需審視現有中央法規以及地方政府土地管制規則來通盤考量。而在局部區域開發上，可先行推廣評估方法與達標標準，由各縣市政府都市設計審議開始進行。
建議三
中長期建議：本案開發成果納入國土規劃地理資訊圖台
主辦機關：內政部國土管理署、內政部建築研究所、內政部國土管
理署城鄉發展分署
協辦機關：國立臺灣科技大學、內政部國土測繪中心
本計畫建立產製各類都市通風基礎資訊之技術，建立大尺度之都市通風地圖資訊，並建立線上地圖查詢系統，提供完整且友善之查找環境。後續將相關圖資整合至內政部國土管理署國土規劃地理資訊圖台，提供整合資訊以供參考。由於都市物理環境會逐年改變，相應地圖資料須每2-3年進行檢討更新，以產製最新並符合現況之氣象統計資料、都市熱島強度、都市紋理現況、風廊分布狀況等資訊。
建議四
中長期建議：都市風廊長期效益驗證
主辦機關：內政部建築研究所、國立臺灣科技大學
協辦機關：中華民國風工程學會
應持續追蹤風廊改善對於都市熱島對於建築節能之效益並進行檢討，盤點並評估區域建築節能效益，配合我國淨零碳排政策推動方向，協助政府淨零路徑之可行性驗證。後續可針對局部區域作為驗證之場域，進行風場、溫度、地表溫度等即時監控，逐年追蹤其效益。目前困難點在於衛星所反演之地表溫度受到氣候影響而品質不一，利用分析手段來減少此部分影響，最後產出的熱島強度指標仍有待驗證，未來可以規劃空拍機來進行驗證工作。此外，都市區域的垂直風場分布需要進一步來檢視，因此規劃光達實驗卻有其必要性。綜合前述工作可以發現實場監測工作難度頗高，除顧及儀器安裝及資料傳輸技術外，還需要建築持有方以及地方政府等多方配合，需審慎考慮及規劃聯繫方能完成。

1.Background 
In the context of rapid economic development and urbanization, the intensity of carbon and heat emissions from various types of buildings, such as factories and residences, has gradually increased due to the prevalence of cement buildings, impermeable pavements, and high-density development resulting from various economic activities. This has further caused an imbalance in the overall environment. According to the results of relative research, in extreme cases, the temperature difference in the urban center of the Taipei Basin can reach up to 5.4 degrees Celsius, indicating that the urban heat island problem is very severe. The high population density of Taiwan's cities, the rapid process of urbanization, and the resulting high-density development have reduced the area of urban open space and green space, further reducing the ventilation capacity of the city. 
The earliest urban ventilation map was developed in Stüttgen, Germany, to promote good urban ventilation in 2008. In recent years, it has gradually received attention and has been used as a reference for major cities worldwide. 
Planning and establishing suitable urban wind corridors can not only reduce the urban heat island effect and effectively solve the problem of urban haze accumulation but also reduce the city's overall emissions during urban planning and design, which is of substantial help to our country's 2050 net-zero emission target. 
Major municipalities in our country also attach great importance to this issue and have reviewed and responded to it on both policy and implementation fronts. 
Therefore, developing a universal urban wind corridor analysis tool is an urgent task. 
2.Methodology 
The purpose of this study is to integrate a large amount of data and to accurately analyze the ventilation characteristics of an urban area using the mesoscale WRF model and small-scale CFD simulation to establish the structure and process of the urban wind corridor analysis technique and to build an urban wind corridor geographic information query system. 
Through the urban wind corridor geographic information query system, users can provide the results of wind speed statistics, prevailing wind direction and average wind 
speed, surface roughness, urban heat island intensity, etc., and finally analyze and present the primary and second wind corridors and ventilation potential zones in the urban area. 
This project establishes a tool for urban wind corridor planning and analysis, plans the system layer structure of the "Taiwan Urban Ventilation Map" (from now on referred to as TUVM), and develops the system prototype. 
The system consists of the following components: 
I. Wind speed and direction data and Weibull distribution analysis; 
(1)The last ten years of meteorological station data collection in the study area; 
(2)Addendum to the automatic station data; 
(3)Statistical analysis of wind speed and direction. 
II.Urban Ventilation Map - Primary and Secondary Corridors 
(1)The latest 3D building modeling data collection in the study area; 
(2)3D model transformation, gridding techniques for building and analyzing urban morphology; 
(3)Definition and analysis of primary and secondary ventilation corridors. 
III.Gridding prevailing wind speeds for administrative districts 
(1)Zoning administrative districts to simulating areas; 
(2)3D buildings model conversion; 
(3)CFD simulation under prevailing winds and data acquisition analysis; 
IV.Heat island intensity map layer 
(1)Data collection of satellite aerial photographs in the last 5 years in the study area; 
(2)TCCIP temperature data collection; 
(3)Analysis of Heat Island Intensity Index. 
The final integration work is to integrate the data and map system into the TUVM system, analyze the application strategy of ventilation maps, and write a final report and report on the results. During the implementation period, two expert seminars were held to solicit suggestions from scholars and experts on this project. 
3. Conclusions 
In this study, the “Taiwan Uban Ventilation Map” was developed as a tool for urban wind corridor planning and analysis. The information required for urban ventilation assessment was produced and piloted for the built-up and densely populated areas in the Greater Taipei Basin, including Songshan, Xinyi, Daan, Zhongshan, Zhongzheng, Datong, Wanhua, and Shilin Districts in Taipei City; and Banqiao, Sanzhong, Zhonghe, Yonghe, Xinzhuang, Luzhou, Taishan, and Wugu Districts in New Taipei City. 
After integrating the techniques of the neural network, CFD simulation, mesoscale atmospheric model, satellite infrared band inversion, urban morphometric analysis, and geographic information system (GIS), we have produced the information and map layer for urban ventilation planning. 
The following conclusions can be drawn after synthesizing the study's results and reviewing the expected outcome benefits. 
(1) The TUVM website was built, and four major areas of information were included, including regional wind speed and direction information, urban heat island information, building morphology information, and urban wind field information, to provide a quick query platform for the related designer to obtain urban ventilation planning information. 
(2) In the course of this study, several validations and analyses were conducted, including the accuracy of the wind speed data obtained, the representativeness of the augmentation satellite data, and the confirmation of the urban texture analysis method, to ensure that the relevant information can reasonably represent the physical mechanisms in the study area, and to provide a guarantee of the effectiveness of the wind corridor after the assessment. 
(3) Concerning the practices of major high-density cities in the world, we have established a methodology for evaluating the ventilation of localized area development and proposed three requirements for maintaining regional ventilation, which can be used to assess urban ventilation in urban development or planning. 
(4) In the overview of the TUVM system and the application process, users can recognize the various information provided in the content of the description, according to the changes in the functional content of the system, amendments or additions to the content of the description, and further integration of this part of the information into the website system. 
(5) After referring to the control principles of major cities in the world and taking into account domestic urban patterns, we have initially formulated the  control principles suitable for Taiwan. In the future, while continuing to improve the system, we will revise the control principles and reach a consensus with all sectors of the community to introduce feasible and effective control means. 
4. Suggestions 
Suggestion I 
Immediately feasible suggestion: TUVM Promotion and ApplicationOriganizers: National Land Management Agency (Ministry of the Interior), Architecture and Building Research Institute (Ministry of the Interior), Taiwan Building Technology Center (National Taiwan University of Science and Technology) Associate origanizer: Taiwan Association for Wind Engineering In this project, TUVM (Taiwan Uban Ventilation Map) is established as a tool for urban wind corridor planning and is applied to the analysis data of the administrative districts in the Greater Taipei Basin to provide regional wind speed and direction information, urban heat island information, building texture information, and urban wind field information. In the future, we should be able to promote the application of this technology to analyze the major cities in Taiwan, with the initial target being the densely populated areas of the six capitals, and in the future, we can analyze specific areas according to the local needs, so as to provide the county and municipal governments with references for their urban design reviews or urban planning. 
Suggestion II 
Medium and long-term suggestion: Revised principles of Control for ventilation corridors Origanizers: National Land Management Agency (Ministry of the Interior), 
Architecture and Building Research Institute (Ministry of the Interior), Associate origanizer: Taiwan Building Technology Center (National Taiwan University of Science and Technology), Taiwan Association for Wind Engineering In this study, an integrated technique is developed to identify urban ventilation corridors, and the means of controlling the corridors after their designation involves people's rights and the local government's urban planning. Measures such as preservation of green space or restriction of development, as well as limitations on building coverage, plot ratio, and road setbacks can shape the wind corridor, but they also impose constraints on land use. The control of wind corridor areas also needs to be tailored to the local context, which needs to be considered in a holistic manner by examining the existing central laws and regulations as well as the local government's land control rules. In terms of localized development, we can first promote the evaluation method and standards, and start the urban design deliberation by each county and city government. 
Suggestion III 
Medium and long-term suggestion: Developing or integrating the ventilation map information platform Origanizers: National Land Management Agency (Ministry of the Interior), Architecture and Building Research Institute (Ministry of the Interior), Taiwan Association for Wind Engineering Associate origanizer: Taiwan Building Technology Center (National Taiwan University of Science and Technology), National Land Surveying and Mapping Center (Ministry of the Interior) This project establishes the technology to produce various types of basic urban ventilation information, create large-scale urban ventilation map information, and set up an online map query system to provide a complete and friendly search environment. In the future, the related maps will be integrated into the National Land Planning and Geographic Information Platform of the Public Works Department to provide integrated information for reference. Since the city's physical environment changes every year, the corresponding map data should be reviewed and updated every 2-3 years to produce up-to-date and up-to-date information on meteorological statistics, urban heat island intensity, urban texture, and wind corridor distribution. 
Suggestion IV 
Medium and long-term suggestion: Efficiencies Verification of ventilation corridor planning Origanizers: Architecture and Building Research Institute (Ministry of the Interior), Taiwan Building Technology Center (National Taiwan University of Science and Technology) Associate organizer: Taiwan Association for Wind Engineering 
We should continue to track and review the benefits of wind corridor improvement on urban heat islands for building energy conservation, inventory and evaluate the regional building energy conservation benefits, and assist the government in verifying the feasibility of net-zero paths in line with the direction of our country's net-zero emissions policy. In the future, we can focus on the localized area as a verification field and conduct real-time monitoring of wind field, temperature, surface temperature, etc., to track the benefits year by year. Currently, the difficulty lies in the fact that the surface temperature reflected by the satellite is affected by the climate and the quality is not the same, using analytical means to reduce this part of the influence, the final index of heat island strength is still to be verified, and in the future, we can plan for the aerial camera to carry out the verification work. In addition, the distribution of the vertical wind field in the urban area needs to be further examined, so it is necessary to plan the experiments on the light datum. Summarizing the aforementioned work, it can be found that the field monitoring work is quite difficult, in addition to taking into account the installation of equipment and data transmission technology, but also requires the cooperation of building owners and local governments, etc., which requires careful consideration and planning and liaison to complete.