中華民國內政部建築研究所中華民國內政部建築研究所

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上方連結

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建築外牆隔熱及蓄熱效果對室內環境溫度影響之探討

計畫主持人	林子平
協同主持人	黃瑞隆
執行單位	財團法人成大研究發展基金會
執行行程	103 年 02 月至 103 年 12 月
GPN	PG10301-0483
ISBN
MOIS
組別	環境控制組
執行方式	委託研究計畫
關鍵詞	建築外牆、熱阻、熱質量、空調負荷、熱舒適
參考文獻

中文摘要：一、研究緣起
近年來，隨著建築能耗占國家總能耗的比例逐漸擴大，全球越來越重視建築節能問題。設計有良好熱性能的外牆是一個簡單而有效降低空調負荷的方法。習慣上是透過改進外牆的熱阻值以抑制外牆的熱量傳遞。利用隔熱材料的高熱阻(R值)，可以阻礙進入或離開建築物的傳導、對流和輻射熱流。在建築物正確使用外牆隔熱不僅能減少能源消耗，而且也可以降低HVAC系統的設計容量。綜合考量外牆隔熱系統(包括材料種類和使用厚度)的初始成本加上節省的空調和供暖系統的能源費用，以最小的成本來決定最佳的隔熱材料厚度。
二、研究方法及過程
本研究選定辦公建築和公寓住宅模型做為研究對象，利用建築能耗模擬軟體EnergyPlus進行全年逐時的空調負荷和室內熱環境的動態模擬，以調查建築外牆的熱質量對典型辦公室及住宅的空調能耗和室內熱環境的影響。量化分析外牆的熱質量與其他熱性能(如隔熱性能、外牆顏色和方位朝向)組合，對建築能耗與室內熱舒適度的影響。並確定熱質量與夜間通風耦合對建築能耗和室內熱環境的好處。本研究選定四種不同的夜間通風換氣情境進行分析與討論，最後透過對臺北、台中和高雄三個地區的建築空調負荷進行動態模擬，以研究地區的差異性在優化牆體構造型式方面的差異。
三、重要發現
本研究以辦公建築及住宅類建築為對象，探討外牆蓄熱能力在不同方位、不同氣候區、不同顏色的外牆蓄熱對室內空調負荷之影響，進一步的透過不同熱阻和熱質量的組合來解析最佳化組合，並透過夜間通風和熱質量耦合下的進行節能分析。研究發現：
1.藉由增加屋頂隔熱材料厚度(降低U值)，於台北、台中和高雄三個氣候區，辦公室的4-10月及全年空調顯熱負荷隨著厚度增加而跟著線性降低。屋頂或者立牆的U值和隔熱材料的厚度成指數遞減。但高隔熱性能的外牆，在涼爽的季節阻擋室內的熱量散到戶外，反而增加空調負荷。空調季(4-10月)運行空調，空調顯熱負荷隨著U值的減少而減少，但隨著D值增加而降低。而全年空調則隨著立牆U值降低而增加，無限制的增加U值其實是沒有助益的。
2.探討不同隔熱與蓄熱性能組合對空調負荷影響與最佳化組合:將隔熱材料放在室外側、中間和室內側三種組合進行不同的建築蓄熱與隔熱排列方式的情境模擬，在相同的U值與D值組合下，改變蓄熱與隔熱排列組合對減少空調顯熱負荷的幾乎沒影響。
3.隨著外表面太陽輻射吸收率的增加，降低空調顯熱負荷的效果也愈好。當吸收率從0.3增加到0.9時，在三個氣候區中，使用輕構造外牆可以節省空調顯熱負荷3%-5%；若是使用重構造可節省14%-17%。
4.進行夜間換氣的辦公建築於空調開機運行前約可降低2~3°C，可節省約10-14%的顯熱負荷。且隨著夜間換氣回數的增加，降低空調顯熱負荷的效果也愈好。於空調僅在4-10月運行情境下，在三個氣候區可以降低單位樓板面積空調顯熱負荷10~30%；若是空調全年運行的話，可節省至20~40%。
5.無論是辦公建築或住宅類建築的外牆或屋頂的U值與D值存在等值效果，辦公類較住宅類建築明顯。降低立牆的U值對全年空調顯熱負荷的幫助，存在著最佳U值。當立牆的U值高於3.0W/㎡K，降低U值對降低全年空調顯熱負荷有正面幫助。但是當立牆的U值高於3.0W/㎡K對降低全年空調顯熱負荷卻反而有負面效果。
四、主要建議事項
根據研究發現，本研究提出下列具體建議：
建議一
增加立牆的隔熱效果(降低U值)對全年空調顯熱負荷的幫助，存在著最佳U值。當立牆的U值高於3.0W/m2-K時，降低U值對降低全年空調顯熱負荷有正面幫助，但是持續過度降低U值對全年空調顯熱負荷卻反而有負面效果之分析結果，可提供我國作為建築與住宅節能策略與法令規範擬議研修之宣導及推廣說明參考：立即可行建議
主辦機關：內政部營建署
協辦機關：內政部建築研究所
本計畫建議將研究成果附錄三中的熱負荷模擬結果提供給住宅部門節能策略之規劃與執行建議，並於全國能源會議、國內外重要能源會議提出供政策評估參考。透過將本研究的成果分享給業界使用者了解隔熱及蓄熱的特色，以達到如何兼顧室內熱舒適又能節省空調能耗的雙贏局面，同時更能減少材料使用上不必要的花費。
建議二
辦公室夜間換氣的空調節能策略或作為：立即可行建議
主辦機關：台灣電力公司
協辦機關：內政部建築研究所、財團法人台灣建築中心
本研究發現辦公室進行夜間換氣有效降低空調顯熱負荷，且隨著換氣回數增加效果越好，當全年運行空調的辦公建築，可有效節省至20~40%的負荷量。建議相關單位可將附錄四的相關數據做為參考依據，作為於節能政策上有效的宣導參考。
建議三
將蓄熱設計手法納入相關手冊進行宣導：中長期建議
主辦機關：內政部建築研究所
協辦機關：內政部營建署
本研究中發現住宅類建築中，根據在不同使用模式中提高牆體蓄熱能力對空調顯熱負荷有不同的影響。建議將本計畫中有關建築外牆隔熱及蓄熱效果對室內環境影響的使用模式，羅列出不同的使用模式下的節能效果(附錄五)，以利刊載於相關宣導手冊，以達宣導外牆蓄熱及隔熱的節能效益，並能夠提供給使用者在同時考量牆體或屋頂的隔熱和蓄熱能力的設計方向。
英文摘要：In recent years, because the building energy consumption of the national energy consumption has been growing, more and more attention on building energy efficiency. Designed the external wall with better heat insulation is a simple and effective way of reducing air cooling loads. Improved thermal mass from the external wall can inhibit heat transformation. Using the high thermal insulation (R value) can hinder enter or leave the building conduction, convection and radiation heat. In addition, R-value can downsize the design capacity of the HVAC system. Overall consideration of external wall costs (including material types and thickness) and economical energy costs from air conditioning and heat systems will determine the insulation thickness with minimum costs.
This study of office buildings and apartment models uses the building energy simulation software, EnergyPlus, on cooling loads and indoor thermal environment in order to investigate the thermal mass. Through quantitative analysis of combinations from the external wall thermal mass and other thermal properties (such as thermal insulation, exterior color and orientation toward) study the impacts on building energy consumption and indoor thermal comfort. Also, it points out that the thermal mass and night ventilation can bring the positive effects for building energy consumption and indoor thermal environment. This study selected four different nighttime ventilation scenarios were analyzed and discussed, and through the dynamic simulations study the cooling loads of the building in Taipei, Taichung and Kaohsiung three regions in to better understand regional differences of optimizing wall types.
Office buildings and residential buildings are the objects in this study, we explore the external wall heat storage capacity and the indoor cooling loads effects come from different directions, different climate, and different colors. Then through different thermal resistance and thermal mass gets the optimal combination, and analyzing the energy saving by the thermal mass and night ventilation. The study shows:
1.Increasing the roof insulation thickness (U values decrease), in Taipei, Taichung and Kaohsiung three climatic zones, can effectively reduce the April to October indoor temperature and annual sensible heat load; in other words, the results are relative decreased by the increasing insulation thickness, and the increased heat storage capacity reduces the result. However, the better external wall insulation performance stop the outgoing indoor heat during the cool seasons, and it causes the higher cooling loads. Hence, the unlimited increasing insulation thickness (U values decrease) is not useful.
2.Investigating the different combinations of insulation and thermal storage in order to find the optimal performance: putting the insulation on the room outside, the middle of the room, and the room inside. According to the three different combinations of the building thermal storage and insulation arrangement simulated situations with the same the U-value and D-value, different thermal storage and insulation arrangements have no effect on reducing sensible heat load.
3.With the increased outer surface absorptivity of the solar radiation, the result of reducing sensible heat load is better. When the absorption rate from 0.3 to 0.9 in three climate zones. The light external wall construction can save 3%-5% sensible heat load, and using the heavy construction can save 14% -17%.
4.The office buildings do the nighttime ventilation that can reduce 2~3 ° C before turn on the air conditioning, and it also can save about 10 to 14% of the sensible heat load. With the increased number of times of night ventilations, the result of reducing sensible heat load is better. When the air conditioning running during April to October, the unit floor area can reduce 10 to 30% of sensible heat load in three climatic zones; when the air conditioning running all year, it can save 20 to 40%.
5.When both insulation (U value) and regenerative (D value) exists on the office building or residential building external wall or roof, the result of office building has higher than residential construction. When the vertical wall has the increased insulation effect (lower U-value), it can bring helps for the annual sensible heat load with an optimal U value. When the U-value is higher than the vertical wall of 3.0W / m2-K, lower U-value can offer positive help for the annual sensible heat load. However, the vertical wall U-value less than 3.0W / m2-K, continue to reduce the U-value, the annual sensible heat load will instead have a negative effect.

Suggestions:
Based on the findings, this study makes the following specific recommendations:
A.When the vertical wall has the increased insulation effect (lower U-value), it can bring helps for the annual sensible heat load with an optimal U value. When the U-value is higher than the vertical wall of 3.0W / m2-K, lower U-value can offer positive help for the annual sensible heat load. However, the vertical wall U-value less than 3.0W / ㎡K, continue to reduce the U-value, the annual sensible heat load will have a negative effect. According to the result, it can be provided as a building of residential energy conservation advocacy strategies and legal regulations of the proposed training and promotion Description Reference: immediately feasible suggestions.
Sponsored agencies: Construction and Planning Agency
Co-organization: Architecture and Building Research Institute
This plan proposes will include the attachment 3 of the heat load simulation results in order to provide the planning, implementation, and recommendations of the residential sector energy-saving strategies for national energy conferences, domestic energy policy evaluation session. The results of this study will let industry user know the characteristics of thermal insulation and heat storage, both of them can achieve thermal comfort and the air conditioning energy saving, and it will reduce the unnecessary spending.
B.Office building do nighttime ventilation or air conditioning energy policy as: immediately feasible suggestions
Sponsored agencies: Taiwan Power Company
Co-organization: Architecture and Building Research Institute, Center for Architecture Foundation in Taiwan
The study found that office building do night ventilation can effectively reduce sensible heat load, and the increased number of times of night ventilations has the positive results. When the air conditioning running all year, it can effectively save 20 to 40%. Suggesting that the relative units can use the attachment 4 to be reference, which also can be useful data in the energy-policy advocacy.
C.The heat storage design techniques into relevant advocacy handbook: medium and long term recommendations
Sponsored agencies: Architecture and Building Research Institute
Co-organization: Construction and Planning Agency
The study found that according to the different modes of residential buildings, increasing heat storage of external walls will have different effects on the sensible heat load. Based on the results of external insulation walls and storage capacity for indoor environmental effects, list usage patterns with the energy-saving modes (Attachment 5) to be published in the relevant interest advocacy manual to achieve Vision guide. That is energy efficiency and insulation of external walls, and can be provided for users to consider the wall or roof insulation and heat storage capacity on the design directions.

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建築外牆隔熱及蓄熱效果對室內環境溫度影響之探討.pdf
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中華民國內政部建築研究所中華民國內政部建築研究所

研究成果

建築外牆隔熱及蓄熱效果對室內環境溫度影響之探討