中華民國內政部建築研究所中華民國內政部建築研究所

一、研究源起
    依目前《建築物無障礙設施設計規範》對建築物無障礙設施概分為：通路(含走廊、出入口、坡道、扶手)、樓梯(含樓梯設計、扶手、欄杆、警示設施)、昇降設備(含引導標誌、停靠處、昇降機門、機廂)、廁所盥洗室(含引導標誌、馬桶及扶手、小便器、洗臉盆)、浴室(含浴缸、淋浴間)、輪椅觀眾席位、停車空間(含機車、汽車)、無障礙標誌、無障礙客房(含衛浴設備空間、求助鈴)等，以及納入該規範附錄之輪椅昇降台、結帳櫃台及服務台、視覺障礙者引導設施等。以上所載建築物設施設備，部分於施作時無需申請建築執照或雜項執照，甚至無須申請室內裝修審查許可；因此，對於建築物無障礙設施之設置是否達到預期效果，往往取決於業主、設計者乃至設置人員對於既有無障礙設施設計規範之認知程度。
    然而在目前無障礙設施在一般場所推展實際狀況，當無須建築師提供設計圖說的場所，如一般機構或私人住宅進行無障礙設施的修繕，即使業主提供設計規範，亦無法使承包商能正確施工，導致無法獲得無障礙設施設置的成效，甚至反而由於不當設置，導致使用者的危險。另一方面，即使無障礙設施設置場所需經過設計者的規劃設計，卻由於設計繪圖者往往並非建築師本人，導致建築師需費更多精力在教導繪製人員相關設計圖說，否則一但錯誤或說明不清的圖說發包後，卻往往造成工程糾紛與困擾，甚而在驗收時由公部門或無障礙相關協會進行勘察與糾正時，造成後續困擾。
    因此，若能建立一套基本建築物無障礙設施設備設置標準圖說提供基本方案的選擇，並跟隨日後相關規定進行修正，將有助於使業主、設計者、施工者與設置承辦人員能有選擇與遵循方案，此不僅能簡化設計程序，亦能在全面無障礙的推展下，具體確保與協助無障礙設施能被社會大眾重視與廣泛的設置，進一步在正確的設置下使民眾擁有安全便利與友善的居住生活環境。
二、研究方法及過程
    本研究使用文獻回顧法、深入訪談法及專家焦點團體法，第一階段以文獻回顧方式蒐集國外之無障礙設施設計相關標準圖說，並與台灣現有規範之設計圖說相互對應比較，了解其表現法之差異性及各國圖說之優缺點，做為訪談問項之內容；第二階段採用深入訪談法，將於台灣六都（台北市、新北市、桃園市、台中市、台南市、高雄市）選擇無障礙設施勘驗人員、無障礙協會人員、建築師公會代表等共30名受訪者進行質性的深入訪談；第三階段將舉辦共五場專家座談會議，以焦點團體方式，邀請與無障礙設施設備設計相關之產、官、學界共30名跨領域專家進行座談，對於本研究所擬定之無障礙設施設置標準圖說之成果進行審查，並就原有無障礙設施設計相關圖說表現方式提出改善建議。
三、調查內容
    本研究主要以藉由訪談獲得目前無障礙圖說中應考量修正之部分，因此不採取封閉式之五等評分或勾選式問卷，而使用開放式訪談作為訪談之操作方式，為求使受訪之相關人員能夠較無限制之說明自己對於無障礙設施設計規範圖說之意見；本研究主要於訪談中進行導引之問題有三：
A.    台灣的新建建物當中，最容易因無障礙圖說之說明不清而產生施工錯誤的類型為何？
B.    於現今無障礙設施設計之示範圖說當中，最常出現令受訪者誤解的圖說為何？其成因為何？
C.    以目前無障礙圖說的內容以你的需求而言，認為最需要增加的或修改的部分為何？
四、結論
    本研究之成果將可協助中央整合台灣各縣市建築師公會形式不一之無障礙設計圖說，建立統一制定修正無障礙設施設計規範之標準圖說，期望能夠使建築設計單位、施工營造單位、室內裝修單位及業主與一般民眾擁有共通之語彙，增進對於無障礙之認識，進而減少設計單位與施工單位的溝通不良，並且拓展提升全人社會對於無障礙設計的重視；除此之外，操作本研究之時，正逢內政部營建署新修正之建築物無障礙設施設計規範即將編修完成，因此也期望能夠以不同年度版本方式，讓圖說規劃修正能持續銜接。下列為除標準圖說之建構之外，綜合目前所調查產官學界提出無障礙推廣至今之共識與現況結論。

1.    建築物無障礙標準圖說十分重要，能夠減少圖說繪製之錯誤與反覆修正資源的浪費，但必須有公信力之單位統一公布，使未來不論是設計、施工、業主三方面都能夠有一致的依據。
2.    需要完全落實施工正確性之構想，除標準圖說之建置外，尚須嚴格要求營造與施工端必須擁有無障礙相關基本知識，否則無法正確了解無障礙設計之真正意涵，最後的成果還是容易產生誤解而錯誤。
3.    面對目前國外逐漸進步之無障礙設施設備，我國目前尚以基礎機械式之設施設備為規範之範疇，國內是否能夠與時俱進，接納更多特殊設施設備的使用，為未來所需省思及發展的目標。

I.    Research Rationale

According to the current “Barrier-Free Building Design Regulations”, barrier-free facilities for the buildings are divided into the following categories: 1) access (corridors, entrances, ramps, and handrails), 2) stairs (staircase design, handrails, railings, and warning facilities), 3) lifting equipment (guidance signs, stops, elevator doors, engine rooms),4)washroom (guidance signs, toilets, handrails, urinals, wash basins),5) bathroom (bathtub and shower room), 6) wheelchair audience seats, 7) parking space (scooters and cars),9) barrier-free signs, 10) barrier-free rooms (space for bathroom equipment and emergency button) ,ect.  Besides the above categories, wheelchair lifts, checkout counters, helpdesks, and the guidance facilities for visually impaired person are included in the appendix to this regulation as well.  The above-mentioned building facilities and equipment are not required to apply for a building license or a miscellaneous license , or even to apply for an interior decoration examination permit when they are about to be constructed.  Consequently, whether the barrier-free installation of the building meets the expected outcomes usually depends on the design regulation knowledge and awareness of the business owners, designers and installation staff.
 However, the actual situation of promoting barrier-free facilities in general places is that the architects are not required to provide the illustrations of the design when they renovate general institutions and private residences.  Even if the business owner provides design regulations, the contractor might not be able to construct the buildings correctly.  This leads to the inability to access the facilities. The improper installations even jeopardize the safety of the users.  However, although the places for barrier-free facilities are designed by the designers, the blueprints are not drawn by designers themselves.  Thus, the architects need to spend more time instructing the draftsmen regarding the illustration of the design.  If the errors or unclear illustrations are put out to contract, the construction disputes and troubles will occur.  When the public sectors or accessibility-related associations come to the site for inspection and correction, the construction disputes will bring other problems in the future.
Therefore, if the illustration of installation standard for barrier-free design can be established to provide the basic program options, and the standard follows the future amendments, this would provide the choice and standard regulations to the business owners, designers, construction workers, and contractor personnel.  With this endeavor, the design process can be simplified.  Furthermore, the promotion of comprehensive barrier-free environment ensures and assists the public in paying attention to it and ensures the extensive installation of the facilities.  The installation that follows the standard regulations enables the public to have a safer, friendlier and more convenient living environment. 

II.    Research Methods and Processes

This study adopts literature review, in-depth interviews and expert focus groups as research methods.  The first phase will use the method of literature review to collect the standard illustrations of the design of barrier-free facilities from other countries.  Then the collected data are compared with Taiwan's existing illustrations of design regulations to understand the difference of the way of presenting the illustrations and the advantages and disadvantages of them.  The result forms the follow-up survey content.  The second phase adopts in-depth interviews.  Interviewees will be chosen from six cities in Taiwan (Taipei City, New Taipei City, Taoyuan City, Taichung City, Tainan City and Kaohsiung City).  The total of 30 interviewees including inspection personnel of barrier-free facilities, personnel of barrier-free association, and representatives of architects' association are recruited for the in-depth interviews. In the third phase, a total of five expert seminars will be held.  The seminars will be conducted in the way of focus groups.  Experts of barrier-free facilities design-related industries, government and academia will be invited to the seminars for discussions.  The results of installation standard for barrier-free environment proposed by this research will be reviewed by the experts and the improvements that should be made to the existing installation standards will be raised.
 

III.    Contents of Survey

This study does not adopt closed-ended questionnaires because the study acquires the parts regarding existing illustrations of barrier-free facilities that need to be amended through interviews.  Thus, open-ended interviews are conducted allowing the interviewees to specify their own opinions towards installation regulations of barrier-free facilities in a more unrestricted way.  The three main questions in the interview as follows:

A.    In Taiwan’s new buildings, what are the most common construction errors that occur due to the unclear description of the barrier-free illustrations?
B.    What are the most common misconceptions in the illustrations of barrier-free facilities design nowadays? What are the reasons for the misconceptions?
C.    In terms of illustrations of barrier-free facilities design, which part needs to be added or modified the most?

IV.    Conclusion
The results of this study will help the central government integrate different forms of barrier-free design of Taiwan Association of Architects in Taiwan’s cities and counties. It is hoped that the establishment of unified illustrations standard of barrier-free facilities design enables architectural design units, construction units, interior decoration units, business owners and the general public to share the same language towards the regulations.  In addition, the establishment of unified illustrations also promotes the understandings of barrier-free environment, and further reduces the misinterpretations between design and construction parties. Expanding and raising the whole society’s awareness concerning the importance of barrier-free design.  Besides, while the research is conducting, the editing of the new amendments to the regulations of facility design is about to be done.  So it is expected that different versions of the regulations can be used as the research method for the modification of the illustrations. The following points are the conclusion of the status quo and the consensus provided by the experts from industries, government and academia regarding the promotion of barrier-free facilities.

1.    The standard illustration for installation of barrier-free facilities is indeed important.  It can reduce chance of wasting resources result from the repeated amending drawing errors.  Thus, the standard must be published by the unit with credibility, so that the design, construction, the business owner parties can follow the consistent standard in the future.

2.    To fully implement the concept of construction correctness, besides the establishment of the standard illustration, the construction parties must be strictly required to have barrier-free installation related basic knowledge.  Otherwise, they cannot correctly understand the true meaning of barrier-free design and it result in the misinterpretations and the errors will still occurs.
3.    In the face of the progress of other countries regarding the barrier-free facilities, Taiwan still adopts basic mechanical facilities as the regulations.  The future goals for Taiwan are to find out whether we can accept more special facilities and equipment with the times.