中華民國內政部建築研究所中華民國內政部建築研究所

一、研究緣起
因應智慧科技蓬勃發展，如何應用資通訊技術，使建築物產生安全、節能、健康、舒適等效益，成為智慧建築能否成功發展及推廣之重要課題。隨建築物朝高層化、高齡社會發展，建築物昇降設備數量逐年增加，而維修人力有限，本所前已推動建築物昇降設備導入遠端監控技術可行性等研究，期能達到節省維修人力、精準預測故障等效益。基於各式各樣之智慧化技術仍在發展中，除可節省維修人力、精準預測故障等效益，另外促進創新商業模式(例如：以租代買、設施共享等)不斷發展，亦改變產業發展方向，吸引相關產業投入，使本所智慧化居住空間整合應用人工智慧科技發展推廣計畫發揮政策槓桿效果，是值得深入探討的課題。爰本計畫擬探討結合各種智慧化技術之建築物昇降設備創新商業模式。
從搖籃到搖籃的再生循環經濟模式，已是因應環境變遷與節能減碳重要策略，也是因應聯合國永續發展目標(SDGs)的重要項目。台灣都市由於地狹人稠，建築多朝向高層化發展，且由於高齡社會提早到來，建築物昇降設備數量逐年增加，維修人力則逐年遞減，嚴重影響昇降設備之妥適性與安全性。
建築物昇降設備的壽命與保養維修有相當密切的關係，而遠端監控則有益於昇降設備之保養維修，在節省人力精準監控維修共創利基下可達到延長使用壽命的目標，和推動循環經濟永續發展方向一致；唯可能涉及經營者與使用者的商業運作模式，可作為本研究的參考。
二、研究方法及過程
本研究計畫蒐集國內、外有關智慧化昇降設備、循環經濟與生命週期等文獻，研究成果及實施實例等資料，主要收集 ISO 國際標準、Carbon Trust 循環經濟概念與電力回生裝置等資料彙整。配合行政院「循環經濟推動方案」與內政部建築研究所「創新循環綠建築環境科技計畫-循環建築工法與材料技術研發」，透過智慧科技的導入，創造建築物昇降設備於建築物之「創新智慧技術與循環經濟模式」。針對文獻探討與昇降設備現況做比較分析，透過實地訪查案例得知昇降設備現況與生命週期成本相關計算方式，並整合文獻回顧等資料，擬定循環經濟創新商業模式。再利用案例進行可行性評估，比較導入商業模式前後效益之差異，以調整創新商業模式並對其提出建議。以 3 場專家工作會議邀請對智慧化建築、機電、昇降設備及智慧化技術、循環經濟、產業技術、政策、法律等方面學有所長之專家學者，進行提出之簡化與流程討論，並聘請專家學者針對導入概念之項目合宜程度進行審查，提出內容修正及增刪之意見，加強本研究內容之參考依據，並擇期辦理期中、期末簡報說明研究案執行的成效、進度及所遭遇的問題，可有效聚焦與提供創新商業模式之參考。
三、重要發現
本研究根據成果提出結論：(1)將建築物昇降設備分成初始成本、固定成本與更新成本三大項，帶入淨現值之計算公式，於案例模擬中算出不同立場針對智慧化昇降設備需花費之總成本與效益差異。(2)案例模擬中比較了三種不同昇降設備於三種不同商業模式下之成本，智慧化部分以舊式IM（不含電力回生裝置）、舊式IM（含電力回生裝置）與新式PM（含電力回生裝置）三種代表；循環經濟部分則以全部買斷、部分買斷、及以租代買作為條件。(3)案例模擬中之三種商業模式，全部買斷為目前市場上多被使用的一種，可選擇的廠家較多但由於初期成本較高，加上維修保養費較不固定，因此成本相對較高。部分買斷則是前期與全部買斷相同，而當後期轉為第三方維護廠商時，以更換重要與損壞零件為主。至於以租代買的成本試算為三種中最低的，對廠商來說，此種模式可節省一定的人力成本，但昇降設備本身的利潤也較買斷模式低，因此零件的品質較無法保證一定良好，要看廠商本身的選擇。(4)檢核研究並整理與昇降設備相關之法規，較多是以設備的基本規範與檢查的基本規範為主，對於商業模式及選擇的限制與發展較少。目前以租代買及預防性維護皆能符合法令，可增加建築物昇降設備設置及檢查管理辦法相關預防性維護之建議內容。然而在以租代買的商業模式上，若為機關單位仍須考量符合政府採購法之辦理租貸採購等要求。(5)研究參考ISO 25745-1,ISO 25745-2之昇降設備能效認證標準進行分析，目前朝向以「電力回生」所產生之電力替換外部電力供應量以達到節能減碳之效益，未來配合建築能效標示制度可持續發展與應用。(6)本研究提出「以租代買」及「昇降設備電力回生系統」與導入「智慧科技預防性維護」等模式，可進一步配合建築生命週期成本，整合成智慧化建築物昇降設備之創新商業模式。
四、主要建議事項
根據上述研究成果發現，本研究建議針對智慧化昇降設備導入項目，可依智慧化及使用安全之關聯程度，歸納出較重要之智慧化項目，更可結合循環經濟與生命週期概念，評估成本淨現總值時，應考量不同零件的使用年限與殘值，以便更準確地估計創新商業模式帶來之效益，研究提出以下建議事項：
建議一、國際標準ISO 25745系列可作為建築能效標示制度之參考與CNS國家標準：立即可行建議：研究參考之「國際標準ISO 25745系列」可作為建築能效標示制度之參考，並可轉譯提供作為CNS國家標準，進階更可建議「建築物昇降設備設置及檢查管理辦法」與「建築技術規則-建築設備編 第六章昇降設備」增修訂之應用。
建議二、研究所提出之創新商業模式可擴大應用至智慧建築標章分析使用：立即可行建議：研究研議之創新商業模式可擴大應用至智慧建築標章，考量以「建築生命週期」來看，建築物生命週期長達40至50年以上，取得「智慧建築標章」後，在生命週期之營運使用階段，需投入適當之維護經費以維持智慧建築性能及衍生循環經濟商業模式，以智慧科技的導入創造經濟效益產值，應是智慧建築之重要課題，並可進一步接軌國際循環經濟之趨勢。

In view of the vigorous development of intelligent technology, how to apply information and communication technology to make buildings produce safety, energy saving, health and comfort benefits has become an important issue for the successful development and promotion of smart buildings. With the development of high-rise buildings and the development of aging society, the number of building lifting equipment is increasing year by year, and maintenance manpower is limited, and the firm has previously promoted the feasibility of remote monitoring technology for building lifting equipment, hoping to save maintenance manpower and accurately predict failures. Based on the fact that various intelligent technologies are still developing, in addition to saving maintenance manpower, accurately predicting faults and other benefits, but also promoting the continuous development of innovative business models (such as renting instead of buying, facility sharing, etc.), changing the direction of industrial development, attracting investment from related industries, and making the development and promotion plan of the integrated application of artificial intelligence technology in the intelligent living space of the firm exert the policy leverage effect, which is a topic worthy of in-depth discussion. This project intends to explore the innovative business model of building lifting equipment that combines various intelligent technologies.
Research methods:
This research project plans to collect domestic and foreign literature, research results and implementation examples on intelligent lifting equipment, circular economy and life cycle, and mainly collect ISO international standards, Carbon Trust circular economy concepts and power regeneration devices. In line with the Circular Economy Promotion Programme of the Administrative Agency and the Innovative Circular Green Building Environment Technology Programme of the Building Research Institute of the Ministry of the Interior - Circular Building Method and Material Technology R&D, through the introduction of intelligent technology, create innovative intelligent technology and circular economy model for building lifting equipment in buildings. According to the comparative analysis of literature discussion and the current situation of lifting equipment, the current status of lifting equipment and the calculation method related to life cycle cost were learned through field visit cases, and the literature review and other data were integrated to formulate an innovative business model for circular economy.
Major outcomes:
Based on the results, this study concludes that: (1) The building lifting equipment is divided into three major items: initial cost, fixed cost and renewal cost, and the calculation formula of net present value is brought in, and the total cost and benefit difference of different positions for intelligent lifting equipment are calculated in the case simulation. (2) In the case simulation, the cost of three different lifting equipment under three different business models was compared, and the intelligent part was represented by the old IM (excluding power recovery device), the old IM (including power recovery device) and the new PM (including power recovery device); The circular economy part is conditional on full buyout, partial buyout, and rent-for-buy. (3) The three business models in the case simulation, all bought out is one of the most used in the market at present, and there are more manufacturers to choose from, but due to the higher initial cost and the relatively unfixed maintenance fee, the cost is relatively high. Partial buyouts are the same as all buyouts in the early stage, and when they are converted to third-party maintenance manufacturers in the later stage, they mainly replace important and damaged parts. As for the cost of renting and buying as the lowest of the three, for manufacturers, this model can save a certain amount of labor costs, but the profit of the lifting equipment itself is also lower than that of the buyout model, so the quality of the parts cannot be guaranteed to be good, depending on the choice of the manufacturer itself. (4) The laws and regulations related to the inspection and research and sorting out the lifting equipment are mainly based on the basic specifications of the equipment and the basic specifications of the inspection, and there are fewer restrictions and development on the business model and selection. At present, renting and buying and preventive maintenance can comply with laws and regulations, and the recommended content of preventive maintenance related to the installation and inspection management measures of building lifting equipment can be added. However, in the business model of renting instead of buying, if it is an institution, it must still consider meeting the requirements of the Government Procurement Law for leasing, loan procurement, etc. (5) The study refers to the energy efficiency certification standards of ISO 25745-1 and ISO 25745-2 for lifting equipment, and currently aims to replace the external power supply with the electricity generated by "power regeneration" to achieve the benefits of energy conservation and carbon reduction, and cooperate with the sustainable development and application of the building energy efficiency labeling system in the future. (6) This study proposes models such as "renting instead of buying" and "power regeneration system for lifting equipment" and introducing "intelligent technology preventive maintenance", which can further integrate into an innovative business model of intelligent building lifting equipment in line with building life cycle costs.
Key recommendations:
According to the above research results, this study suggests that for the introduction of intelligent lifting equipment, the more important intelligent projects can be summarized according to the degree of correlation between intelligence and use safety, and the concept of circular economy and life cycle can be combined to evaluate the net present value of different parts, and the service life and residual value of different parts should be considered in order to more accurately estimate the benefits brought by innovative business models.
Recommendation 1: The international standard ISO 25745 series can be used as a reference for the building energy efficiency labeling system and CNS national standardization: Immediate feasible suggestion: The "international standard ISO 25745 series" for research reference can be used as a reference for the building energy efficiency labeling system, and can be translated and provided as a CNS national standardization, and the application of the "Administrative Measures for the Installation and Inspection of Building Lifting Equipment" and "Building Technical Regulations - Building Equipment Part VI Lifting Equipment" can be added and revised.
Recommendation 2: The innovative business model proposed by the Institute can be extended to the analysis and use of the smart building logo: Immediate practical suggestion: The innovative business model proposed by the study can be expanded to the application of the smart building logo, considering that the life cycle of the building is as long as 40 to 50 years or more from the perspective of the "building life cycle", and after obtaining the "smart building label", appropriate maintenance funds need to be invested in the operation and use stage of the life cycle to maintain the performance of the intelligent building and derive the circular economy business model, and create economic output value with the introduction of intelligent technology, which should be an important topic for smart buildings, and can further integrate with the trend of international circular economy.